雌二醇、壬基酚和三丁基锡对草金鱼血浆卵黄蛋白原含量的联合效应

雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)是生物合成的天然雌激素,壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)和三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)则是人工合成的环境拟雌激素和环境抗雌激素,这3种污染物在自然水体中均广泛分布,给多种水生生物的健康造成威胁,然而其共同存在下的联合效应尚不明确.本文以草金鱼(Carassius auratus)为受试生物,以鱼体血浆中卵黄蛋白原浓度为观测指标,研究雌二醇和壬基酚的雌激素活性及三丁基锡的抗雌激素活性.在单独暴露实验的基础上,研究3种污染物两两联合及三者联合条件下对雄性草金鱼卵黄蛋白原的联合诱导效应.结果表明,雌二醇和壬基酚均能显著诱导雄性草金鱼合成卵黄蛋白原,三丁基锡对雄性和雌性草金鱼卵黄蛋白原含量均无显著影响.雌二醇和壬基酚共暴露时,壬基酚能促进雌二醇的雌激素效应;雌二醇与三丁基锡共暴露时,后者可抑制雌二醇的雌激素效应;3种污染物共同暴露时,三丁基锡也表现为抗雌激素效应.但壬基酚与三丁基锡共暴露时,后者未能抑制壬基酚的雌激素效应.上述结果表明天然雌激素、拟雌激素和抗雌激素之间存在复杂的联合效应,拟雌激素和抗雌激素的毒性效应并非简单地相互抵消,因此在生态风险评价时需全面评估不同类型环境雌激素之间的复合效应.     

基于不同毒性终点的壬基酚生态风险评价

NP（nonylphenol,壬基酚）作为一种具有雌激素效应的持久性有机污染物,可对水生态系统产生不可忽视的有害影响,并且随着生产及使用量的增加,NP在国内外水环境中被不同程度地检测出来,引起较大关注,因此有必要对其生态风险进行研究.通过综述部分淡水水体中NP的污染现状,采用物种敏感性分布法（SSD）和联合概率曲线法（JPC）对NP的生态风险进行分析;构建基于生长和发育、生物化学、繁殖和细胞毒性终点的物种敏感度分布曲线;基于4个毒性终点数据,采用联合概率曲线法评估国内外部分淡水水体中NP的生态风险.结果表明:①我国辽河、珠江和骆马湖的ρ（NP）均高于国内平均水平,且总体上我国ρ（NP）平均值为0.709 μg/L.②基于生长和发育、生物化学、繁殖和细胞毒性终点推导的HC₅（5%物种受损有害浓度）值分别为0.694、0.589、0.142和0.317 μg/L.③在所调查水体中,以生长和发育为毒性终点的生态风险相对较小,处于可接受水平;以繁殖、细胞和生物化学为毒性终点的生态风险较高,应采取相关措施保障水生生物的安全.因此,NP对水生生物繁殖的毒性较明显,应持续关注其长期危害.      

内分泌干扰物壬基酚在环境中迁移转化的研究进展

作为一种内分泌干扰物,壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)是壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO)的主要降解产物,具有高亲脂性、难降解性、生物累积性和高毒性.全面了解NP在环境中的迁移转化规律是对其进行科学的风险评价的基础.本文归纳和分析了近几年国内外学者有关NP在环境中的分布情况及其迁移转化的研究动态,从来源、分布及其在环境中主要的迁移转化过程和机理等方面分别论述了内分泌干扰物壬基酚在环境中的行为,重点讨论了NP在沉积物和土壤中的吸附-解吸和生物降解的机理及影响因素,最后指出了今后的主要研究方向.     

Fate and effects of nonylphenol in the presence of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Interactions of nonylphenol (NP), a toxic and oestrogenic degradation product of widely used non-ionic surfactants, with the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa were studied. Batch cultures were incubated for 10 days with NP concentrations between 10 and 570 nM. NP was removed more quickly in the presence of M. aeruginosa (half-life 2.7–5.2 days) than in its absence (half-life 6.7–10.2 days) at all concentrations tested. At the end of the experiment, NP could not be found in the biomass, so the biotic removal is due to uptake and chemical transformation, and not to physical binding on the cells. The observed effective concentrations, EC₅₀ and EC₂₀, were 0.45 and 0.25 μ M, respectively. Therefore, NP is expected to have toxic effects on M. aeruginosa only in very contaminated surface waters. However, for concentrations that go far beyond environmental levels, cyanobacteria are able to cope with NP toxicity by internalising the compound in a less toxic form. Therefore, the presence of cyanobacteria may increase the rate of NP removal from the aquatic environment.     

Effects of Nonylphenol on immune function of female Sprague-Dawley rats

Nonylphenol (NP) is the final biodegradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, which are widely used as surfactants in domestic and industrial products. NP was reported to exert estrogenic actions and shown to potentially adversely affect reproductive functions. However, NP influence on immune system function remains unclear. To address this issue, the effects of NP on spleen and thymus were examined in this study. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with NP orally at doses of 0, 20, 80, or 200 mg/kg respectively. Data showed that NP increased the levels of natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells in peripheral blood and decreased the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in serum. These findings suggest that exposure to NP by oral route may induce adverse effects on the spleen and thymus and affect the immune function of female rats.     

Quantification of 17 endocrine disruptor compounds and their spatial and seasonal distribution in the Iberian Ave River and its coastline

The Ave River flows through the most urbanized and industrialized Porto district areas. Despite ovotestis was recently reported in male fish from the estuary, no data exist on the water levels of natural and pharmaceutical estrogens (17β-estradiol, estrone, and 17α-ethynylestradiol), xenoestrogenic industrial pollutants (4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and their mono and diethoxylates, and bisphenol A), phytoestrogens (formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, and genistein), and sitosterol. Absence of analyses applies to the river, estuary, and nearby coastline. Those compounds mimic the action of endogenous estradiol, being well-recognized endocrine disrupters (EDCs). To conclude about suspected influxes of estrogenic EDCs into the river and coastline, water samples were taken at eight sites every two months, during one year (2010), at low tide. Data showed ubiquitous presence of potentially hazardous amounts of estrogens (particularly ethynylestradiol, up to 10 ng L^?1), nonylphenol (up to 250 ng L^?1), and sitosterol (up to 6 μg L^?1), which helps explaining the ovotestis emergence in local fish. Also, because physicochemical parameters used in water quality evaluation, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, and nitrites levels, were within legal limits – suggesting good quality – our study supports that assessment of human and environmental risks by targeting surface waters requires integrating EDCs monitoring in routine analyses.     

壬基酚对浮游生物的毒性效应及其食物链传递

以蛋白核小球藻及5种枝角类（微型裸腹溞、多刺裸腹溞、盔型溞、蚤状溞、大型溞）浮游动物为研究对象,开展壬基酚（NP）对浮游生物的毒性效应,及NP在“水-蛋白核小球藻-大型溞”食物链的生物富集和生物传递能效研究.结果表明：NP对微藻的半抑制效应浓度为3.33mg/L;对5种枝角类浮游动物的48h半致死效应浓度范围介于8.67~131.79μg/L,裸腹溞属耐受性显著高于溞属.1和5μg/LNP连续暴露下,大型溞存活率显著降低,且首次繁殖时间延迟,前者仅在第8d有子代产出,而后者未观察到子代个体.微藻对培养液中0.1mg/LNP的生物富集系数（BCF）在3h时达到最大值7393.投喂NP暴露后的微藻,大型溞摄食率呈显著降低的趋势,且第3d天出现死亡现象.大型溞体内NP含量最大值为0.07mg/g,NP经蛋白核小球藻传递到大型溞的生物富集系数仅为0.097.NP的低食物链传递可能与大型溞对NP的转化、大型溞生长过程中的蜕壳以及摄食后的消化和排泄过程有关.     

Effects of chronic exposure to nonylphenol on locomotor activity and social behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Nonylphenol(NP),a xenoestrogen ubiquitously found in aquatic ecosystems,is of high environmental concern.The present work assessed the effects of exposure to NP on locomotor activity and social behavior in male and female zebrafish(Danio rerio),to evaluate the possible hazard of NP to fish behavior and to pursue a potential biomarker of NP contamination.Fish were randomly divided into six groups.Five groups were receiving 0.1,1,10,50 and 100 μg/L nominal concentrations of NP for 60 days,respectively.A sixth control group was given the same treatment as the other five groups,but no NP.Locomotor activity,aggressive behavior,group preference and leaving shoal were examined.NP exposure showed marked influence on locomotor activity of the male zebrafish,whereas that of the female was not significantly affected by NP.Aggressive behavior and group preference were significantly affected by NP exposure in both male and female groups.Locomotor activity and aggressive behavior of the male and group preference of both male and female zebrafish were clearly inhibited at 100 μg/L NP.No significant alteration in leaving shoal was observed under NP exposure.The results suggested that changes in locomotor activity and aggressive behavior of the male and group preference of both male and female may be used as an ecologically relevant integrative biomarker of NP contamination.     

Nonylphenol in bivalves and sediments in the northeast coast of China

To understand nonylphenol (NP) contamination in the northeast coastal environment in China, NP was determined in 19 sediment and 20 bivalve samples collected during November 2005. NP was identified in all sediment samples in the range of 8.8 to 1.0 × 10 3 ng/g dw (dry weight), with an average of 0.12 × 10 3 ng/g dw. Most of the bivalve samples (oysters and mussels) contained detectable amounts of NP that ranged from ND (not detected) to 7.6 × 10 3 ng/g dw, with an average value of 0.79 × 10 3 ng/g dw. These results indicated that NP is ubiquitous in sediments and bivalves from the northeast coast of China, and are even present in bivalves sold as seafood. Serious contamination with NP was recorded off the coast of Bohai Strait and in semi-enclosed coastal environment such as Jiaozhou Bay and Liaodong Bay. Possible environmental and human health implications were understood in this study.     

壬基酚异构体的雌激素效应研究进展

壬基酚是一种内分泌干扰物,可以对人类和动物机体正常的内分泌功能产生影响。以往进行的壬基酚雌激素效应研究多以工业壬基酚为研究对象,很少以单一的壬基酚异构体作为受试化合物。而工业壬基酚是由不同异构体组成的混合物,不同结构壬基酚异构体的雌激素活性存在差异。文章综述了国内外壬基酚及异构体雌激素效应研究的现状,包括各种雌激素活性体外测定方法与结果、壬基酚异构体结构与雌激素活性的相关性等,分析了文献中不同实验条件下壬基酚雌激素活性测定结果产生差异的原因,提出了壬基酚雌激素效应研究的展望。