Nursing of own and foster offspring by Utah prairie dogs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynomys parvidens</Emphasis>)

From 1995 through 2005, I studied nursing among Utah prairie dogs (Cynomys parvidens) living under natural conditions at Bryce Canyon National Park, UT, USA. I observed 850 aboveground nursings, which involved 122 mothers and 248 juveniles from 134 litters. Most of the mothers that nursed aboveground were middle-aged, and most nursing juveniles had been coming aboveground for 1–3 weeks. Most nursings involved a single juvenile, lasted 1–10 min, and occurred between 1800 hours and 2000 hours. Seventy-five percent of nursings (598/796) involved a mother suckling her own juvenile offspring; the other 24.9% (198/796) involved a mother suckling another mother’s offspring (i.e., communal nursing). Communal nursings involved juveniles of the home territory, and many communal nursings (74/198 = 37.4%) involved close kin such as half-siblings, grandoffspring, full-nieces, and full-nephews; other communal nursings (37/198 = 18.7%) involved more distant kin such as full-second cousins and full-third cousins. Of seven hypotheses that might explain the evolution of communal nursing, evidence supports the importance of two: elevated inclusive fitness via indirect selection and communal nursing as a cost of coloniality.     

Chemical, biological and radiological incidents: preparedness and perceptions of emergency nurses

Despite their important role in chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) incident response, little is known about emergency nurses' perceptions of these events. The study aim was to explore emergency nurses' perceptions of CBR incidents and factors that may influence their capacity to respond. Sixty-four nurses from a metropolitan Emergency Department took part. The majority were willing to participate in CBR incidents and there was a positive association between willingness to participate and postgraduate qualification in emergency nursing. Willingness decreased, however, with unknown chemical and biological agents. One third of participants reported limitations to using personal protective equipment. Few participants had experience with CBR incidents although 70.3 per cent of participants had undergone CBR training. There were significant differences in perceptions of choice to participate and adequacy of training between chemical, biological and radiological incidents. The study results suggest that emergency nurses are keen to meet the challenge of CBR incident response.     

重症急性胰腺炎手术治疗的护理进展

本文对重症急性胰腺炎患者手术治疗的护理进展进行简要总结，以求对重症急性胰腺炎患者手术治疗中的护理工作提供参考．     

尿激酶溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞的观察与护理

运用尿激酶溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞，运用现代护理程序，对病人实施整体护理．在严密监测精心护理下，病人病情恢复快，均好转出院。     

护理干预对前列腺增生症患者术前焦虑情绪的影响

探讨护理干预对前列腺增生症患者术前焦虑情绪的影响．方法将120例拟行经尿道前列腺电切术的前列腺增生症患者随机分为干预组和对照组,各60例．对照组予以常规护理,干预组在此基础上给予护理干预,采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）测量两组患者入院后（干预前）及手术前（干预后）焦虑值．结果干预组手术前SAS评分较入院后明显降低（P〈0．05）,且明显低于同期对照组（P〈0．05）．结论护理干预在缓解前列腺增生症患者术前焦虑,积极调整心理状态方面优于一般心理护理．表1,参5．     

血液透析相关性低血压发生的原因及护理措施

目的 分析血液透析相关性低血压（intradialytic hypotension IDH）发生的原因及发生时间,以采取针对性护理措施减少IDH的发生.方法 通过对南华大学附属第一医院血液中心2012年9月至2013年3月发生IDH的患者进行统计分析.结果 共发生IDH726例,其中容量相关性因素占77％,发生时间在3～4h之间的占67％.结论 容量相关性因素是IDH发生的最常见原因,应加强对患者的宣教,使其在透析间期严格控制体重的增长,包括控制水分、钠盐的摄入.IDH的发生时间以透析3h后最常见,提示在透析3h后应加强对患者的巡视和严密监测血压情况.图2,参4.     

Components of lifetime reproductive success in communally and solitarily nursing house mice — a laboratory study

Under laboratory conditions, communal nursing among familiar and closely related female house mice (Mus domesticus) improved lifetime reproductive success compared to females rearing litters alone or females living with a previously unfamiliar, unrelated partner (reproductive success was measured within an experimental lifespan of 6 months, standardized as 120 days after mating at the age of about 2 months). An analysis of the contribution of three multiplicatively combined components to variation in reproductive success among breeding females revealed that, in all three social groups, survival of young until weaning contributed most to differences in lifetime reproduction (46–64% of the total variance). Females living with a sister had a significantly higher probability of reproducing successfully than females in the other groups, and also reared significantly more litters communally than females sharing nests with an unrelated partner. Weaning probabilities of young were highest in litters cared for by sisters and lowest in nests of unrelated females. Young were found dead either directly after birth (within the first 2 days of lactation) or after they had been cared for and nursed for at least 1 day. The loss of an entire litter typically occurred directly after birth. In monogamous females rearing litters alone the death of almost all young coincided with such early entire-litter mortality. In polygynous groups, however, offspring died at an older age and more litters suffered the loss of some young. Still, rearing young with a sister improved survival directly after birth and fewer litters were lost entirely in comparison with females in the other groups. In polygynous groups, pregnant females were observed to kill some of their partner's dependent young shortly before they gave birth themselves. As a consequence, individual young had reduced survival when they were firstborn in a communal nest (another litter was born within 16 days). Analyzed over a lifetime, communal care among familiar and closely related female house mice seems to be an adaptation to maximize the survival of offspring until weaning.     

循证护理在手术室的应用

为解决手术过程遇到的护理问题,利用进行循征和实施护理干预,通过与未实施循证护理同期比较,护理问题发生率明显下降或消除,得出循证护理能有效解决手术中的护理问题,提高护理质量的结论.     

临床实习男护生现状分析与教学对策

目的：通过分析男护生现状,探讨临床教学对策,以提高男护生临床教学质量．方法：通过对22名男护生临床实习中存在的问题进行总结分析．结果：发现男护生专业态度不稳定,心理应对能力、工作积极主动性、人际沟通能力欠缺、职业安全意识比较淡薄．结论：在临床教学工作中,注意对其进行展望专业前景,稳定职业心态;增强其挫折承受力,适当保护男护生自尊,增强其自信心和工作积极性,培养良好的沟通能力,注意个性的培养,强化职业安全教育等对提高临床教学质量,帮助他们顺利走上护理工作岗位具有重要意义．参5．     

术后早期急性炎性肠梗阻的观察及护理

目的探讨术后早期急性炎性肠梗阻（EPII）的临床表现、治疗方法及护理．方法回顾性分析86例EPII的临床表现、治疗及护方法．结果EPII发生在术后4-21d,肠蠕动一度恢复,继而又出现呕吐,腹胀,腹痛等肠梗阻表现,大部分病例非手术治愈,仅少部分手术治疗．结论EPII以非手术治疗为主,积极的心理干预及护理有助于疾病康复．表2,参14．