石油烃污染土壤微生物修复促进技术

采用原位修复法处理石油烃污染土壤,考察了土壤中石油烃的自然降解情况,研究了土壤改良剂和生物营养剂对石油烃降解的促进作用。实验结果表明:将总石油烃含量约为5 g/kg的实验土样降解30 d,自然降解时总石油烃降解率为7.8%;当单独加入1.0%(w)的土壤改良剂时,总石油烃降解率达36.0%;当单独加入1.0 g/kg的生物营养剂时,总石油烃降解率为51.6%;最佳促进剂配方为土壤改良剂加入量1.0%(w),生物营养剂加入量1.0 g/kg,此条件下总石油烃降解率为80.1%。     

The composition,heating value and renewable share of the energy content of mixed municipal solid waste in Finland

For the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from waste incineration it is essential to know the share of the renewable energy content of the combusted waste. The composition and heating value information is generally available, but the renewable energy share or heating values of different fractions of waste have rarely been determined.In this study, data from Finnish studies concerning the composition and energy content of mixed MSW were collected, new experimental data on the compositions, heating values and renewable share of energy were presented and the results were compared to the estimations concluded from earlier international studies. In the town of Lappeenranta in south-eastern Finland, the share of renewable energy ranged between 25% and 34% in the energy content tests implemented for two sample trucks. The heating values of the waste and fractions of plastic waste were high in the samples compared to the earlier studies in Finland. These high values were caused by good source separation and led to a low share of renewable energy content in the waste. The results showed that in mixed municipal solid waste the renewable share of the energy content can be significantly lower than the general assumptions (50–60%) when the source separation of organic waste, paper and cardboard is carried out successfully. The number of samples was however small for making extensive conclusions on the results concerning the heating values and renewable share of energy and additional research is needed for this purpose.     

兴凯湖百余年营养演化历史及营养物基准

兴凯湖是东北亚地区典型湖泊。20世纪末以来人类活动持续增强,该湖营养快速富集,水体生态状况发生转变,但其环境演化历史及营养本底等信息尚知之甚少。本研究基于对该湖多根沉积钻孔年代、元素及沉积硅藻等多指标的分析,重建了兴凯湖百余年来的环境变化历史。结果表明：兴凯湖历史上保持着良好的环境生态条件,21世纪第一个十年以前水体环境变化较小(硅藻种群弦距<0.0005),近20 a来,兴凯湖生态环境逐渐退化,硅藻从以低—中营养Aulacoseira granulata的优势组合逐渐转变为以Cyclostephanos dubius为代表的富营养组合,污染元素(Pb、Zn等)含量及沉积速率快速升高。基于种群相似性的对比发现2000 a前的硅藻种群变化较小,故采用1994—1998年的水体监测均值作为兴凯湖的营养基准,即水体总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)基准分别为35μg·L^-1及970μg·L^-1;结合参比元素回归分析得到的大、小兴凯湖沉积物TP基准分别为360 mg·kg^-1、500 mg·kg^-1,可作为该...     

岩溶表层带土壤温度和含水率对呼吸作用的影响

全球环境变化对岩溶区的碳循环产生重要的影响,而土壤呼吸作用在全球环境变化的影响和反馈的过程中具有十分重要的作用。因此,以岩溶区的岩溶表层带为研究对象,研究了土壤呼吸作用与土壤温度和大气降水量之间的响应机理和内在联系。研究结果表明：岩溶表层带的土壤呼吸作用具有单峰型的季节性变化特征。洼地0~5、10~20 cm 的土壤呼吸速率在范围变化分别为82.58 mg· m-2· h-1至412.89、151.39 mg· m-2· h-1至523 mg· m-2· h-1,最大值出现在8月中旬。坡地0~5、10~20 cm的土壤呼吸速率在范围变化55.05 mg· m-2· h-1至412.89、137.63 mg· m-2· h-1至495.47 mg· m-2· h-1,最大值出现也在8月中旬。洼地的土壤呼吸作用相对强于坡地,主要是由于坡地土壤相对洼地土壤较薄并且容易被降水冲刷搬运。在大气降水量不成为限制土壤呼吸作用的因子下,土壤温度为主要控制土壤呼吸作用的因子。因此,该研究可为控制土壤呼吸作用缓和大气CO2的升高和温室效应应对策略,为国家固碳减排的科学决策提供理论依据。     

Assessing the P fractionation in a tropical river-estuarine system of South India

Seasonal variations in dissolved and particulate P forms were assessed in the estuarine system of Chalakudy River, Kerala, South India – a tropical river having substantial relics of riparian vegetation. The contribution of the reactive P form extended to 84–96% compared with the residual fraction. Geographical and human activities have had effects on the phosphorus-loading capacity at various locations, which reveal pronounced variability in P distribution. Not all forms of phosphate in suspended particulate matter are likely to be released, and thus the nature of the P forms within the stock is a sensitive factor that can be utilised. Ca-bound P in suspensates increases to a highly significant level in the estuarine area, whereas Fe/Al-bound P predominates at the riverine and catchment areas during both the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. Thus, calcium compounds determine the availability of P in the alkaline estuarine environment, whereas in the riverine environment, Al and Fe control P solubility. The comparatively low P load in upstream waters indicates that, under ambient situations, vegetative riparian zones can be very important P filters.     

兴安落叶松林土壤呼吸及组分的变化特征

采用挖壕法断根对兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）林土壤呼吸的组分进行分离,利用静态箱/碱液吸收法对土壤呼吸以及各组分的呼吸速率及10 cm土层的土壤温度和土壤含水量进行测定。研究兴安落叶松林土壤呼吸及其组分的日动态和季动态变化特征,阐明大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林土壤呼吸及其组分的变化规律及其与土壤温度、土壤含水量两个影响因子之间的关系。研究结果显示,①兴安落叶松林土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸都呈现明显的日变化和季节变化规律,日变化曲线均呈单峰型,自养呼吸速率的日变化较平缓,其最大值与土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和土壤温度的时间比较出现滞后现象：在生长季土壤呼吸和异养呼吸月平均呼吸速率值的排列顺序依次为：7月>8月>9月>6月,而自养呼吸月平均呼吸速率值的排列顺序依次为：8月>7月>9月>6月。②兴安落叶松林中土壤呼吸速率、异养呼吸速率和自养呼吸速率与10 cm土壤温度之间均成指数相关关系,通过计算得出Q10值分别为1.69、1.97和1.24,与其他地区的研究结果相比温度敏感性偏低。土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸与土壤含水量有相关性但不显著。③异养呼吸和自养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献率分别约为63％、37％,该地区土壤异养呼吸所占比例接近于自养呼吸的两倍。     

不同密度水浮莲的形态和生长反应及其对土壤养分的影响

为了解入侵植物水浮莲在水生环境中的入侵和扩散规律,本文通过田间水稻田实验,按照添加系列设计方法研究不同密度下水浮莲幼苗的形态和生长反应,以及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明,不同种植密度下水浮莲在母株株高、母株叶片数、分蘖能力、开花株数和死亡株数生长动态具有明显的差异。水浮莲形态特征,随种植密度降低分蘖等级和数量显著增加,密度60株时最大为29.45株·基株-1,360株时最小为1.10株·基株-1;母株株高总体上呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,而根长的变化规律不明显;中等种植密度的母株叶片数明显大于低等和高等密度的;植株开花与死亡株数多数显著增加;水浮莲出现有性和无性繁殖,但无性繁殖占绝对优势。水浮莲生物量,随种植密度降低总生物量显著增加,60株时最大为31.18 g·基株-1,360株时最小为5.64 g·基株-1;母株生物量总、花、叶和根生物量总体上逐渐降低,而分蘖植株总、叶、花和根生物量显著增加。水浮莲生长需要消耗大量的土壤养分,其中对有机质和速效钾消耗是最大的,分别达到8.55~21.56 g·kg-1和649.43~679.45 mg·kg-1;随种植密度降低水浮莲对土壤有机质、氮、磷和钾的吸收绝大多数显著增加。不同种植密度下水浮莲在形态、生长、繁殖以及对土壤养分影响的差异,可能是由其最初种植密度形成不同的种内竞争强度造成的。     

Practical consideration for design and optimization of the step feed process

Based on the anoxic/oxic (A/O) step feed process, a modified University of Cape Town (UCT) step feed process was developed by adding an anaerobic zone and adjusting sludge return pipeline. Performance evaluation of these two types of processes was investigated by optimizing operational parameters, such as the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic volumes, internal recycle ratios, and sludge retention times, for removal of chemical oxygen demanding (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus. Results showed high removal efficiencies of COD of (85.0±1.7)%, ammonium of (99.7±0.2)%, total nitrogen (TN) of (85.5±1.7)%, phosphorus of (95.1±3.3)%, as well as excellent sludge settleability with average sludge volume index of (83.7±9.5) L·mg^-1 in the modified UCT process. Moreover, (61.5±6.0)% of influent COD was efficiently involved in denitrification or phosphorus release process. As much as 35.3% of TN was eliminated through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process in aerobic zones. In addition, the presence of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DNPAOs), accounting for approximately 39.2% of PAOs, was also greatly beneficial to the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Consequently, the modified UCT step feed process was more attractive for the wastewater treatment plant, because it had extremely competitive advantages such as higher nutrient removal efficiencies, lower energy and dosages consumption, excellent settling sludge and operational assurance.     

Survey and determination of Anzali wetland trophic state through geographic information systems (GIS)

The trophic state of the Anzali wetland was determined by nutrient analysis, indicating an alarming hypertrophic state. The Anzali wetland is environmentally and economically one of the most important ecosystems that is located in north-west Iran. This wetland was registered as a Ramsar site in September 1975, but due to many problems, particularly eutrophication created by excessive amounts of nutrients, it was registered in the Montreux record. This study was conducted for a year on 21 stations in three zones including receiving rivers, surface water and exiting rivers. Geographic information systems were used to better understand the prevailing situation. Analysis was conducted according to international standards and classification of OECD for freshwaters. The indicators used were levels of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP), and the trophic state index (TSI). Data showed an increase of excess nutrients from domestic and agricultural sources, leading to human, cultural eutrophication processes rather than natural eutrophication.