柠檬酸对土壤养分的活化及对作物吸收Fe、P的影响

土壤pH值是影响石灰性土壤Fe、Zn、Mn等微量元素有效性的重要因素，利用土壤培养法，研究了不同浓度柠檬酸溶液对石灰性土壤的pH值以及对P、Fe、Mn、Zn等元素的活化效应。结果表明，浓度高于0．001mol／L的柠檬酸溶液培养土壤，可降低土壤pH值，增加土壤有效P、Fe、Mn、Zn等元素的质量分数。培养24h后，P、Fe、Mn、Zn等有效养分质量分数最高，随着培养时间的延长，有效养分的质量分数下降，活化效果减弱，土壤表现出一定的钝化效应。利用盆栽模拟滴灌施肥条件，柠檬酸溶液处理可显著促进花生、菜豆植株的生长，叶片SPAD读数增加，并提高植株对P、Fe元素的吸收量，因此滴灌施肥条件下，可考虑使用柠檬酸增加石灰性土壤根区微量元素的有效性。     

Use of genetic algorithms to select input variables in decision tree models for the prediction of benthic macroinvertebrates

Predicting freshwater organisms based on machine learning is becoming more and more reliable due to the availability of appropriate datasets, advanced modelling techniques and the continuously increasing capacity of computers. A database consisting of measurements collected at 360 sampling sites in non-navigable watercourses in Flanders was applied to predict the absence/presence of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa by means of decision trees. The measured variables were a combination of physical–chemical (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, conductivity, total organic carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus), structural (granulometric analysis of the sediment, width, depth and flow velocity of the river) and two ecotoxicological variables. The predictive power of decision trees was assessed on the basis of the number of Correctly Classified Instances (CCI). A genetic algorithm was introduced to compare the predictive power of different sets of input variables for the decision trees. The number of input variables was reduced from 15 to 2–8 variables without affecting the predictive power of the decision trees significantly. Furthermore, reducing the number of input variables allowed to ease the identification of general data trends.     

Zero-inflated models with application to spatial count data

Count data arises in many contexts. Here our concern is with spatial count data which exhibit an excessive number of zeros. Using the class of zero-inflated count models provides a flexible way to address this problem. Available covariate information suggests formulation of such modeling within a regression framework. We employ zero-inflated Poisson regression models. Spatial association is introduced through suitable random effects yielding a hierarchical model. We propose fitting this model within a Bayesian framework considering issues of posterior propriety, informative prior specification and well-behaved simulation based model fitting. Finally, we illustrate the model fitting with a data set involving counts of isopod nest burrows for 1649 pixels over a portion of the Negev desert in Israel.     

石灰预处理对树叶堆肥过程中养分转化的影响

以树叶干质量的0%、1.00%、2.50%和4.00%的石灰预处理树叶,24h后分别将预处理后的树叶与鸡粪联合堆肥,研究不同用量石灰预处理树叶对树叶堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。试验在自制的堆肥反应器内进行,采用间歇式强制通风的方式,进行为期59d的堆肥试验。结果表明:石灰预处理树叶24h可以有效的降低树叶中的有机质质量分数,以4.00%的石灰预处理的树叶其有机质降幅达6.00%;石灰预处理24h后,各处理pH相差不大;EC的变化与pH相似;预处理前后,各处理总氮、总磷和总钾的质量分数相差不大。用石灰预处理后的树叶堆肥有利于堆肥有机质的降解,尤以2.50%石灰预处理的效果最好;有利于堆肥w(C)/w(N)的降低,其降低幅度与石灰用量成正比;有利于减少堆肥过程中氮素的损失,且氮素损失与石灰使用量呈反比;有利于堆肥NH4 -N质量分数的降低;提高堆肥终产品NO3--N的质量分数,其质量分数与石灰用量呈正比;有利于堆肥中钾的浓缩;对堆肥的pH、EC、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和总磷的影响不大。综合考虑试验结果后认为,以4.00%石灰预处理的效果最为理想。     

PREP-PAC: a nutrient replenishment product designed for smallholders in western Kenya

Continuous cropping in the absence of external nutrient inputs to soils has led to the expression of poorly productive patches in farmers’ fields of western Kenya. Farmers attempting to correct these conditions are often confused by the spatial and symptomatic irregularity of affected plants and, until recently, no soil management product was commercially available that is specifically formulated to restore soil fertility to these patches. PREP-PAC consists of 2.0 kg of Minjingu rock phosphate (RP), 200 g of urea, seeds of various symbiotic nitrogen-fixing food legumes, rhizobial inoculant, gum arabic seed adhesive, lime for seed pelleting, and instructions for the use of these materials. It is intended for addition to 25 m² and produced at a cost of $ 0.56 per unit. The general principle is to apply slowly available RP sufficient for several cropping seasons with readily available nitrogenous fertilizer and to intercrop farmer’s maize (Zea mays) with a legume that provides residual fixed-nitrogen and organic inputs to the soil. This approach was tested in on-farm experiments conducted in collaboration with several grassroots rural development organizations. An experiment examined interactions between PREP-PAC components in a maize–soybean (Glycine max) intercrop in nutrient-depleted soils with sandy and clayey surface horizons. The treatments included ±RP, ±urea, and ±inoculants arranged as a 2³ factorial with four replicates at each location. Total value of the intercrops ranged between $ 0.83 in the unamended plots and $ 2.44 in plots treated with PREP-PAC. Significant positive effects were observed with the addition of RP (P<0.001), urea (P=0.04), and inoculant (P=0.01) and in interactions between RP and urea (P=0.02) or inoculant (P=0.07). The return ratio to PREP-PAC investment was 2.6 in the sandy soil and 3.7 in the clay. PREP-PACs were tested on-farm in 52 symptomatic patches containing maize–bean intercrops with and without an improved variety of climbing Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Flora. Unamended patches (25 m²=0.0025 ha) produced 1.6 kg maize and 0.08 kg bean. With addition of PREP-PAC containing Flora, yields increased to 4.1 kg maize and 1.1 kg bean (P<0.001 for both crops). Improvement in bean yield during the first cropping season nearly offset PREP-PAC’s investment costs. PREP-PAC is a strategic approach because all of its ingredients, except for urea, originate from East Africa, and are relatively inexpensive; the product is intended for distribution through existing retail and development networks.     

GIS支持下的黄土高原地区植被生态梯度分析

在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下对黄土高原地区257个样方的植被进行了研究。DCA分析较好地反映了植被的连续性变化及植被的生态梯度与气候因子的关系。分析的结果表明．植被组成和结构沿经、纬度变化明显，分异出森林、森林草原、温性草原、荒漠半荒漠植被等不同类型，优势种替代明显，植物种类也形成了不同的生态类型。植被的梯度变化与气候因子密切相关，较好地反映了黄土高原地区环境与结构的空间变异特点。     

草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制——以滇池大型围隔试验为例

为探究湖泊水体生态修复工程中草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制,利用滇池草海建立的大型原位试验围隔,采用非参数突变点分析法（nCPA）及临界指示物种分析法（TITAN）,探究了叶绿素a、浊度、透明度和浮游植物的营养盐阈值.结果表明,草型清水态维持与长效运行较为成功的围隔,其藻类的叶绿素a含量虽然明显较低,但在夏季时蓝藻门仍占绝对优势.原位生态围隔叶绿素a响应TN的阈值为1.423mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.水体透明度响应TN的阈值为1.684mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.各围隔总磷含量的平均值均大于或等于0.226mg/L,B1、B3、B8围隔后期处于清水态,其TN平均值都低于或等于1.42mg/L,B5、A1、A2、A3、A4围隔后期处于浊水态,其TN平均值都高于或等于1.78mg/L.这表明在滇池水华重灾区实施水体生态修复工程时,应首要考虑TN的影响,在TP含量严重超出阈值的情况下,如果TN处于一个较低水平,也能维持湖泊水体草型清水态的长效运行,并实现湖泊水体由藻型浊水态向草型清水态的转换.     

2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统营养盐时空分布机制分析

以江苏省常州市长荡湖流域河湖系统为研究对象,基于野外监测与室内分析,探讨了水体氮、磷等营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染突出,河流TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（3.70±0.76）mg ·L^-1、（1.81±0.42）mg ·L^-1、（1.03±0.61）mg ·L^-1、（0.38±0.31）mg ·L^-1、（25.74±37.00）μg ·L^-1和（6.35±0.81）mg ·L^-1.河流总氮污染季节差异明显,表现为冬、春季劣于夏、秋季,河流总磷污染表现为秋、冬季劣于春、夏季,空间差异表现为北 > 西北 > 南 > 东部,河流处于中~高度富营养化状态.湖区TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（2.25±0.94）mg ·L^-1、（0.98±0.47）mg ·L^-1、（0.19±0.14）mg ·L^-1、（0.11±0.03）mg ·L^-1、（18.71±8.76）μg ·L^-1和（4.59±1.09）mg ·L^-1,氮、磷质量浓度均超过Ⅲ类水标准,在空间上表现为从西部向东、南部降低的趋势,湖区处于轻~中度富营养状态.丹金溧漕河、通济河与薛埠河等河流是长荡湖流域河湖水系的主要污染物输送通道,丹金溧漕河干流输送氮、磷年通量最大,约为通济河和薛埠河年通量总和的10~12倍.长荡湖流域河流氮、磷污染同时受到农业面源污染物流失与城镇污水排放的影响.土地利用方式转变和大气沉降是导致长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染加剧的重要驱动因素.     

硫酸亚铁和硝酸铁施用对根际土壤-水稻系统中镉运移的影响

我国稻田镉（Cd）污染治理刻不容缓.氮（N）、硫（S）和铁（Fe）的生物地球化学循环,以及Fe-N和Fe-S循环耦合体系,都与土壤-水稻系统中Cd运移密切相关.以N、S和Fe对水稻生长的营养供给为切入点,研发抑制稻米Cd累积的营养型阻控技术及产品,势必能为稻田Cd污染治理提供新的解决途径.本文在前期研究成果的基础上开展根际袋-盆栽试验,分析硫酸亚铁（FeSO₄）和硝酸铁［Fe（NO₃）₃］处理条件下根际土壤中Cd活性变化与水稻体内Cd转运规律,探索糙米Cd累积的影响因素及制约机制.结果表明,FeSO₄和Fe（NO₃）₃处理都显著减小了根际土壤中有效态Cd（NH₄Ac-Cd）含量,且前者减小的幅度（55.6%）小于后者（76.0%）;FeSO₄和Fe（NO₃）₃处理都明显改变了水稻体内Cd分布特征,但前者增大了糙米Cd含量（0.6mg ·kg^-1）,而后者却减小了糙米Cd含量（0.1mg ·kg^-1）.根表铁膜对Cd的吸附或与Cd共沉淀、水稻根、茎和叶对Cd的累积量增大以及根、茎和结节对Cd的转运能力增强,是导致FeSO₄处理中糙米Cd含量增大的重要原因;Fe（NO₃）₃处理中糙米Cd含量减小,则可归结为无定形铁矿物对Cd的吸附或与Cd共沉淀、铁硫化物与Cd共沉淀、茎和结节对Cd的累积量减小以及根、叶和结节对Cd的转运能力减弱.本研究成果将为后期营养型阻控产品及施用技术研发提供科学依据,并为我国稻田Cd污染治理提供重要参考.     

农业排水沟渠硝态氮吸收动力学特征及相关性分析

为揭示农业排水沟渠NO_3~--N吸收动态变化特征,选择溴化钠(Na Br)为保守示踪剂、硝酸钾(KNO3)为添加营养盐,于2016年10月至2017年4月在合肥地区某一源头溪流开展5次示踪试验,并以TASCC方法和Michaelis-Menten(M-M)方程模拟NO_3~--N吸收动力学特征,结果表明,背景浓度条件下排水沟渠完全混合子渠段U_(amb)和V_(f-amb)的变化范围分别为11.40~69.13μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)[均值为34.45μg·(m~2·s)-1]、0.07~0.43 mm·s~(-1)(均值为0.24 mm·s~(-1)),相应地Sw-amb变化范围为92.51~405.74 m(均值为199.06 m),明显小于排水沟渠长度(也就是2.5 km),表明沟渠具有较强的NO_3~--N滞留潜力.M-M方程较好地拟合了NO_3~--N吸收动力学特征,参数Umax变化范围为158~1 280μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)[均值为631.13μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)],Km变化范围为0.16~5.52 mg·L~(-1)(均值为1.46 mg·L~(-1)).相关分析表明,Sw-amb与NO_3~--Namb呈显著负相关、Uamb与NO_3~--Namb呈极显著正相关,其它螺旋指标与NO_3~--N背景浓度的相关性均不明显;水文因素对NO_3~--N滞留影响也不显著,而沟渠槽道地貌特征指标Фw、ФA与大部分螺旋指标都呈显著相关性,表明槽道地貌特征对NO_3~--N滞留影响相对较为重要.