好氧颗粒污泥处理畜禽养殖沼液污染物的特性

采用序批式反应器,研究了好氧颗粒污泥处理畜禽养殖沼液中传统和新兴污染物的去除特性,以及系统的微生物群落结构演变情况.结果表明,畜禽沼液所含高浓度污染物不会对好氧颗粒污泥结构产生显著毒性胁迫,好氧颗粒污泥系统可实现对沼液所含有机物和氨氮的稳定去除.系统出水平均化学需氧量和氨氮浓度分别为(267±81) mg·L~(-1)和(62±12) mg·L~(-1),去除效率分别为73%±8%和91%±2%.同时,也可实现对沼液所含四环素类和磺胺类抗生素的有效去除,去除效率分别为65%±16%和98%±2%.但对磷素的去除效率较低,约为16%±2%.好氧颗粒污泥系统处理沼液过程中微生物群落结构稳定,但其中功能微生物菌群丰度会受到水质的作用影响,从毛单胞菌科Comamonadaceae(相对丰度约为16. 66%)为污泥中的主导微生物群落.     

春季东海赤潮发生前后营养盐及溶解氧的平面分布特征

依据2010年4月8～26日和5月7～14日对东海赤潮高发区调查所得的数据,分析了该海域赤潮发生前后各生源要素的含量及分布特征,并对其影响因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,调查海域4月处于赤潮暴发前期,以硅藻为优势藻种;5月赤潮大规模暴发,以甲藻为优势藻种.5月DIN和PO34--P浓度与4月相比大幅降低,DIN平均值由18.04μmol·L-1降至10.80μmol·L-1,下降幅度为40%;PO34--P平均值由0.47μmol·L-1降至0.27μmol·L-1,下降幅度为43%.这表明在赤潮发生过程中赤潮生物对营养盐具有强烈的消耗作用.5月东海赤潮主要藻种为甲藻,甲藻在繁殖过程中不消耗SiO23--Si,加之长江冲淡水的补充,所以SiO23--Si平均值由16.15μmol·L-1略升至16.96μmol·L-1,变化幅度不大.DO平均值由4月的8.76mg·L-1下降至5月的6.09 mg·L-1,这主要是由于5月水温对DO的影响大于浮游植物光合作用的影响,5月水温较4月高,氧气在水中的溶解度随温度的升高而降低,所以5月DO浓度低于赤潮发生前期.     

Restoration of the Kissimmee River, Florida: Water Quality Impacts from Canal Backfilling

The planned restoration of the Kissimmee River ecocystem will backfill approximately 35 km of flood control canal (C-38) that cuts through the meandering river channel, re-establish natural flow patterns, and restore the river/floodplain ecosystem. Water quality monitoring, including nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and mercury, was conducted during a pilot `test fill' project to determine if soil disturbance during canal backfilling would negatively impact these water quality constituents. Surface water nutrient concentrations varied little between sites. Generally, highest concentrations occurred prior to construction, with lowest concentrations occurring during and after construction. During construction, TSS concentrations increased at sites immediately upstream, downstream, and adjacent to the construction area. Increased turbidity was generally restricted to areas immediately upstream and downstream of the test plug, with maximum levels occurring during the initial construction phase. Some downstream increases in turbidity were observed; however, impacts were short-term, lasting less than 24 h. Depresssed DO levels (<2 mg/l) were observed upstream of the test plug following completion of the initial plug across C-38. Dissolved oxygen levels remained low for approximately 6 weeks, with no apparent ecological impacts. Total mercury (HgT) within canal sediment ranged from 9.2–180 ng/g and methylmercury concentrations ranged from 0.037–0.708 ng/g. Concentration of total mercury and total methylmercury (MeHgT) in the backfill material were much lower than concentrations in the canal sediment. No significant change in aqueous HgT concentrations occurred over the sampling period, although construction-induced turbidity could have temporarily caused a slightly elevated concentration immediately downstream of the construction site. Methylmercury concentrations in the water column ranged from 0.033–0.518 ng/l. No significant differences in mean MeHgT concentrations occured between sites or between sampling dates, except at one downstream site where MeHgT declined significantly over the sampling period.     

秸秆还田与化肥减量配施对稻-菜轮作下土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以西南丘陵山区紫色土为研究对象,2013~2014年在重庆市江津区先锋镇布置田间试验,采用一年两熟,水稻-儿菜轮作制度,分析了秸秆还田与化肥减量配合施用对作物产量,土壤养分及酶活性的影响,为稻-菜轮作系统中养分资源优化管理的施肥方式提供科学依据,实现农业秸秆的循环利用.结果表明,秸秆还田与化肥减量配施处理能提高水稻和儿菜的产量,分别比常规施肥处理(F)增产3.0%~17.9%和12.2%~36.4%,经稻-菜轮作后,第二季(C3)的水稻产量比第一季(C1)水稻增加了820~1 240 kg·hm-2.与F处理相比,稻-菜轮作下连续秸秆覆盖与化肥减量配施的土壤pH提高了0.06~0.55个单位,特别是秸秆全量还田(AS)与70%~80%化肥(F)配施处理(70%~80%F+AS)对土壤pH的改善效果最佳,同时80%F+AS处理的土壤有机质最高,达到了41.01 g·kg-1.对土壤有效养分含量而言,80%F+AS处理的土壤碱解氮(110~178 mg·kg-1)和有效磷(31.3~64.0 mg·kg-1)含量最高,但过多的秸秆还田量反而不利于土壤有效磷累积.秸秆还田与化肥减量配施提高了土壤酶活性,其中80%F+AS和70%F+AS处理对脲酶活性提高效果较为显著;80%F+AS处理的过氧化氢酶在前两季度下活性均最高;随着耕种时间的增加,特别是C3季度下,70%F+AS和80%F+AS处理的磷酸酶活性较F处理显著提高了45.2%和48.2%.因此,西南丘陵山区紫色土在稻-菜轮作下,70%~80%F+AS处理即秸秆全量覆盖还田与化肥减量20%~30%的配施方式是该地区的最优施肥方式.     

东海赤潮发生时的营养盐分布研究

2010年春季对东海海域进行了赤潮专项调查,在3个海区发现有赤潮发生。对这些海区的水质和浮游植物进行了监测和分析。结果表明,调查中发现的赤潮原因种有东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻2种;活性磷酸盐和铵盐是发生中肋骨条藻赤潮的重要营养条件,东海原甲藻可以耐受低营养环境,调查海区在较低的温度(17℃)下也能发生东海原甲藻赤潮。     

南黄海和东海海域营养盐等物质大气入海通量的再分析

根据国内外学者近年来在黄、东海海域大气营养盐和硫酸盐气溶胶干、湿沉降方面的工作 ,估算出南黄海及东海海域各个季节营养盐和硫酸盐的大气入海通量。分析结果表明 :南黄海及东海海域营养盐和硫酸盐气溶胶浓度和降水中的离子浓度都有较明显的季节变化 ,基本上冬季最大 ,而夏季最小 ;氮盐和硫酸盐的沉降以湿沉降为主 ,而磷酸盐以干沉降为主 ;大气沉降与河流输送相比 ,NH4 和PO43 -以大气沉降为主 ,而SiO3 2 -和NO3 -以河流输送为主     

基于LAM模型的多干扰特征河流磷污染源解析

针对高强度复杂人类干扰河流磷来源难以定量解析的问题,构建基于流量与污染物浓度关系模式的污染源解析模型,定量分析多干扰类型河流磷的点源和非点源负荷与时间贡献。以滇池流域的源头河流、水库干扰河流、水库-调水复合干扰河流等为例,采用LAM源解析模型建立了河流磷浓度与流量的响应关系,分析了主要河流磷的源贡献结构与时空分布特征。结果表明:2018年非点源是滇池主要入湖河流磷的主要贡献源,非点源负荷占比为53%~100%,汛期与全年差异较小;从污染源主导时间看,点源是宝象河和盘龙江大花桥-德胜桥段时间占比最高的污染源,表明低流量期间点源控制对改善水质仍然具有十分重要的意义。研究结果可为我国多种人为干扰类型河流的磷污染源解析提供方法借鉴与指导。     

Heavy Metal Uptake By Scirpus Littoralis Schrad. From Fly Ash Dosed and Metal Spiked Soils

Scirpus littoralis is a wetland plant commonly found in Yamuna flood plains of Delhi, India. The ability of Scirpus littoralis to take up and translocate five metals- Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb from fly ash dosed and metal spiked soils were studied under waterlogged and field conditions for 90 days. Scirpus littoralis accumulated Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb upto a maximum of 494.92, 56.37, 144.98, 207.95 and 93.08 ppm dry wt., respectively in below ground organs (BO) in 90 days time. The metal content ratios BO/soil (B/S) were higher than shoot/soil ratios (T/S) for all the metals, the highest being for Ni. Metal ratios BO/water (B/W) were also higher than shoot/water (T/W) ratios but the B/W ratio was maximum for Zn. The changes in nutrient status (N, P) in soil water and plants were also studied at interval of 30 days. The Pearson's correlation between metal uptake and N, P uptake were calculated. All the metals except Ni showed negative correlation with nitrogen but they were all non-significant. However, P uptake showed positive correlations with all the metals and all were significant at 1% confidence limit.     

POTENTIAL FOR REDUCING NITROGEN POLLUTION THROUGH IMPROVED AGRONOMIC PRACTICES1

ABSTRACT: According to the 1990 National Water Quality Inventory nutrient runoff from agriculture is one of the largest contributors to watershed contamination. Nutrient balance studies suggest that many farmers use more fertilizer than necessary because of insufficient crediting for nutrients coming from manure and legumes. Using data from the USDA's 1990 Farm Costs and Returns Survey, we found that farmers raising only conventional crops spend between $470 to $624 million more per year on fertilizer than necessary. This accounts for a range of 24 percent to 32 percent of total annual nitrogen (N) purchases. The excess N amounts to between 2.5 to 3.3 billion pounds N and has considerable water pollution potential. Farmers and the fertilizer industry have responded positively to highly focused research and education programs which support improved crediting of these nutrients.     

SEDIMENT NUTRIENT FLUXES IN A TIDAL FRESHWATER EMBAYMENT1

ABSTRACT: Sediment-water exchanges of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate are incorporated into a eutrophication model of Gunston Cove, Virginia. The exchange rates are obtained from laboratory measurements and are modeled as empirical functions of temperature, concentration, and pH. Simulation of the period from June 1 to September 30, 1983, indicates nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll ‘a’ are correctly modeled only when the sediment-water nutrient exchanges are taken into account.