冬季不同生境下菹草的水质净化效果研究

在室外通过人工构建静态模拟生态系统,研究冬季不同底质、水深、水质条件下,菹草对水体营养盐的吸收净化效果。结果表明,在不同水深或水质污染程度的相应组实验中,添加土壤改良剂的各组实验的TN、TP、NO3--N、高锰酸盐指数去除率均高于相应的未添加组,而NH4+-N去除情况相反;添加土壤改良剂有助于菹草对水体营养盐的综合去除,菹草在水深较深且营养盐负荷较高的水体中对营养盐的去除效果更好;水深35cm比水深25cm更适宜菹草的生长;菹草在实验设计的水质条件下能正常生长和对水质进行高效净化,适合在冬季运用于一般河道的水体修复。     

营养成分对Fe2+生物氧化的影响

在29℃和160 r/min条件下,以广东云浮矿山酸性废水为种源,采用9K培养基,经过富集培养得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f.a。利用分批摇床实验,研究了在A.f.a作用下,溶液初始NH4+-N、PO34--P、Mg2+、Ca2+和Cu2+等基本营养成分对Fe2+生物氧化的影响。结果显示,随着NH4+-N、PO34--P、Ca2+或Cu2+离子浓度增加,Fe2+生物氧化率都先增大后降低,各离子最佳浓度分别为84.8、35.6、2.4和254.5 mg/L;Fe2+生物氧化率随着Mg2+浓度的增加逐渐增大,并趋于稳定,其限制浓度为88.8 mg/L。上述结果可用于控制营养条件促进Fe2+的生物氧化。     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程对湖区氮磷营养盐影响的模拟研究

运用EFDC模型构建鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程与主湖区的二维模型,使用Delft3D软件划分研究区域网格,并以2010年实测TIN、TP数据为初始条件,模拟水利枢纽运行前后湖区氮磷营养盐的变化特征,验证结果显示TIN 和TP的计算值和实测值吻合较好,证明了模型计算结果的有效性和可靠性。结果表明：水利枢纽运行后,枯水期湖区TIN、TP浓度分别增长2042%和2055%,达到286和044 mg/L,饶河是湖区污染物的主要来源;平水期湖区TIN、TP浓度分别增长1339%和1290%,达到208和018 mg/L,赣江主支与修河的汇流是湖区污染物的主要来源,枢纽对氮磷的影响主要体现在对磷素的控制上;在以松门山为界的南、北湖区,TIN表现出北湖区>南湖区,TP为南湖区>北湖区的变化特征;湖区N/P比值为927,比实测值低291%,磷素污染较重     

温度对活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺中红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑颗体虫的爆发性繁殖,使系统性能恶化。用烧杯实验模拟活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺,保持填料投配率为30％,分别在不同温度下（20,25,30℃）运行实验装置,待运行稳定后,接种红斑颗体虫,创造条件以观察红斑颗体虫是否发生爆发性繁殖。实验结果发现,红斑颗体虫在25℃和30℃都不同程度产生了爆发性繁殖,最大种群密度分别达到383个／mL和200个／mL,同时,红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会对进出水的COD和氨氮去除产生影响;在温度25℃和30℃时,红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖都导致了总氮的释放,红斑颗体虫种群密度分别大于等于66个／mL和50个／mL可分别作为红斑颡体虫在25℃和30℃发生爆发性繁殖的标志;实验也证明了红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会产生大量啃食生物膜的现象;用SPSS做多元线性回归分析,得出红斑颢体虫的最大种群密度与总氮的释放显著相关。     

底泥悬浮对营养盐释放和水华生长影响的模拟

通过室内模拟实验研究了扰动引起的太湖底泥悬浮对水体氮磷营养盐和蓝藻水华的影响,其中底泥和上覆水均来自太湖,扰动强度以悬浮物浓度表示。实验监测了底泥扰动过程中以及扰动停止后48 h之内水体氮磷营养盐和叶绿素a的变化,采样间隔为6 h。实验结果表明,扰动明显增加了水体中总氮、总磷、活性磷等含量,但是可溶性无机氮的增加不明显,叶绿素a含量没有出现明显的增长。水华没有出现明显增长很可能是氮限制的原因。由此推测太湖一次风浪扰动过程引起的底泥营养盐释放不一定就能够加剧蓝藻水华的暴发。底泥中释放的营养盐对蓝藻水华的影响需要进一步研究     

太湖湖西区河网营养盐输移规律研究

为控制湖西区入湖营养盐量,需要对太湖湖西区河网进行N、P营养盐监测与输移路径模拟.结果显示,宜溧地区营养盐输移规律基本表现为径流输移;常州、金坛地区京杭运河以南河网区虽然日输移路径较为复杂,但是洪期、年输移路径却一致;而京杭运河以北河网营养盐输移规律最为复杂,不仅表现为日输移路径的规律性差,而且洪期、年净输移路径相反....     

石灰岩和砂岩地区豆科类植物紫花光叶苕(Vicia villosa)中铁和锰的不同分配模式

豆科类植物生物量的减少主要与氮和磷之间的平衡受到影响而有紧密的相关性。然而,其他营养元素之间的不平衡也能响应生物量的减少,比如铁和锰营养元素。选择了贵州茂兰相邻的石灰岩和砂岩地区土壤进行了野外种植实验。实验结果表明:生长着的豆科类植物铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)出现互为相反的分配模式:在砂岩地区生长的豆科类植物根部对铁的吸收相对高于石灰岩地区;而对锰的吸收,石灰岩地区高于砂岩地区。因此,植物根部的Fe∶Mn,砂岩地区高于石灰岩地区。这个结果说明豆科类植物根部对Fe和Mn的吸收存在不同模式。然而,在叶片中的Fe∶Mn砂岩地区和石灰岩地区之间基本没有区别,这说明铁和锰从根部到叶片的迁移具有不同模式。当叶片的Fe∶Mn(质量之比)低于2.9时,有可能响应豆科类植物生物量的减少。我们在研究植物与土壤的营养元素含量之间相关性时,越过环境因素,必须考虑植物内部随生长过程而发生变化的营养元素的化学计量,比如,生长着的植物中Fe∶Mn比值的变化等。     

Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Legacy Sediments: Concentrations,Comparisons with Upland Soils,and Implications for Water Quality

Concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals in streambank legacy sediments are needed to estimate watershed exports and to evaluate against upland inputs. Concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals were determined for legacy sediments in 15 streambanks across northeastern Maryland, southeastern Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware. Samples were collected from multiple bank depths from forested, agricultural, urban, and suburban sites. Analyses were performed for fine (<63 μm) and coarse sediment fractions. Nutrient and heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in fine than coarse legacy sediments and water extractable nutrient concentrations were significantly greater for fine sediments. Nutrient and heavy metal concentrations were highest in streambank legacy sediments associated with urban land use, but few differences were found with bank depth. Total N (40–3,970 mg/kg) and P (25–1,293 mg/kg) and bioavailable P (0.25–48.8 mg/kg) concentrations for legacy sediments were lower than those for upland soils. This suggests that legacy sediments could serve as sink or source of N and P depending on the redox conditions and stream water nutrient concentrations. However, despite low concentrations, caution should be exercised since streambank erosion and legacy sediment mass loadings could be high, these sediments are in immediate proximity of aquatic ecosystems, and biogeochemical transformations could result in release of the nutrients.     

Nitrate Removal in a Restored Spring‐Fed Wetland,Pennsylvania, USA1

ABSTRACT:  In 2001, the 1.04‐ha Hornbaker wetland in south‐central Pennsylvania was restored by blocking an artificial drainage ditch to increase water storage and hydraulic retention time (HRT). A primary goal was to diminish downstream delivery of nitrate that enters the wetland from a limestone spring, its main source of inflow. Wetland inflow and outflow were monitored weekly for two years to assess nitrate flux, water temperature, pH, and specific conductivity. In Year 2, spring discharge was measured weekly to allow calculation of nitrate loads and hydraulic retention time. Surface runoff was confirmed to be a small fraction of wetland inflows via rainfall‐runoff modeling with TR‐55. The full dataset (n = 102) was screened to remove 13 weeks in which spring discharge constituted < 85% of total inflows because of high precipitation and surface runoff. Over two years (n = 89), mean nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations were 7.89 mg/l in inflow and 3.68 mg/l in outflow, with a mean nitrate removal of 4.19 mg/l. During Year 2 (n = 47), for which nitrate load data were available, the wetland removed an average of 2.32 kg N/day, 65% of the load. Nitrate removal was significantly correlated with HRT, water temperature, and the concentration of nitrate in inflow and was significantly greater during the growing season (5.36 mg/l, 64%) than during the non‐growing season (3.23 mg/l, 43%). This study indicates that hydrologic restoration of formerly drained wetlands can provide substantial water quality benefits and that the hydrologic characteristics of spring‐fed wetlands, in particular, support effective nitrogen removal.     

Variations in Base‐Flow Nitrate Flux in a First‐Order Stream and Riparian Zone1

Abstract: Nonpoint source pollution, which contributes to contamination of surface waters, is difficult to control. Some pollutants, particularly nitrate (), are predominantly transmitted through ground water. Riparian buffer zones have the potential to remove contaminants from ground water and reduce the amount of that enters surface water. This is a justification for setting aside vegetated buffer strips along waterways. Many riparian zone hydrologic models assume uniform ground‐water flow through organic‐rich soil under reducing conditions, leading to effective removal of ground‐water prior to discharge into a stream. However, in a small first‐order stream in the mid‐Atlantic coastal plain, base‐flow generation was highly variable (spatially and temporally). Average base‐flow loads were greater in winter than summer, and higher during a wetter year than in dryer years. Specific sections of the stream consistently received greater amounts of high ground water than others. Areas within the riparian zone responsible for most of the exported from the watershed are termed “critical areas.” Over this 5‐year study, most of the exported during base flow originated from a critical area comprising less than 10% of the total riparian zone land area. Allocation of resources to address and improve mitigation function in critical areas should be a priority for continued riparian zone research.