流沙湾海域表观耗氧量和营养盐相关性分析

根据2008年2～11月对流沙湾海域4个航次的溶解氧和营养盐含量的调查数据,分析了表层海水中表观耗氧量的时空分布,并探讨它与营养盐之间的相互关系。结果表明：流沙湾冬春季海域表观耗氧量较大,而夏秋季表观产氧量较大;夏秋季大部分站位海水的溶解氧处于过饱和状态,其中秋季溶解氧的平均饱和率最高;表观耗氧量与溶解氧和溶解氧饱和率都呈现显著负相关,溶解氧和溶解氧饱和率呈显著正相关;表观耗氧量和营养盐根据不同的季节具有一定的相关性。流沙湾海域△CN／△CAOU,的比率为1：41．0,△Cp／ACAOU,的比率为1：588和1：303,均低于Redfield的理论比值。     

烟台四十里湾海域营养盐和沉积物-水界面交换通量

利用2009年5月、7月、10月和2010年1月4个航次对烟台四十里湾养殖海域的调查资料,分析了该海域营养盐分布、季节变化、主要控制过程以及沉积物-水界面交换通量。结果表明,四十里湾海域营养盐的分布整体趋势是近岸高,由近岸向外部海域递减;受到陆源输入的影响,高值区出现在调查海域东部。DIN的季节变化表现出冬高、秋低、春夏居中的趋势,整体上变化不大;SiO3-Si和PO4-P浓度均为春季最低。在春秋季P为四十里湾浮游植物生长的限制性因素,在夏季,N/P>30,P也是一个潜在的限制因素。四个季度培养结果表明DIN总体上由上覆水交换到沉积物中;近岸区沉积物是PO4-P的汇;调查区域SiO3-Si的扩散方向均是从沉积物到上覆水中。四十里湾沉积物释放的SiO3-Si对初级生产力的贡献较小;与其他浅海环境相比,四十里湾沉积物-水界面的营养盐通量处于较低水平。     

污染河口区沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的实验研究

采集青岛市李村河口下游沉积物柱状样品,通过实验室培养实验,研究了溶解氧、温度、盐度、生物扰动等环境因素对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响。结果表明,NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P在贫氧环境下的交换通量要高于富氧条件下,NO2-N受溶解氧含量的影响较小;随着温度的升高,NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P的交换通量增大,而NO2-N的交换通量减小;NO2-N和NH4-N的交换通量随盐度增大而增大,NO3-N减小,而PO4-P受盐度的影响较小;生物扰动对营养盐在沉积物-水界面的交换通量的影响显著。     

Plant leaf economics and reproductive investment are responsive to gradients of land use intensity

Relationships between functional leaf traits across large sets of plant species emphasized the existence of a major axis describing a trade-off between rapid acquisition and conservation of resources forming the so-called “leaf economics spectrum”. It is uncertain which environmental factors determine the economics spectrum and whether traits associated with reproduction co-vary with the economics spectrum. To determine these trait-environment relationships for agricultural ecosystems, this study was conducted at field, pasture, and heathland sites forming a strong land use gradient in Northwest Germany. The abundance of 49 species was recorded in 85 plots together with their traits (canopy height, specific leaf area, leaf N, leaf N:P, leaf and stem dry matter content, life cycle, reproductive investment (RI) in seed mass and seed number), as well as parameters describing soil resources and land use disturbances. RLQ multivariate analysis of the data set related an environmental table to a species trait table using a species abundance table to extract the joint structure between them. Thereafter, we clustered the species on the RLQ axis to extract functional groups. Traits associated with the leaf economics spectrum were strongly related to soil resources that co-varied with disturbance intensity. A division of the whole land use gradient into agricultural and heathland sites showed that RI was not decoupled from trait-environment relationships although the direction of the RI-environment relationship was opposite in the two subsets. Species were clumped rather than linearly arranged in the trait-environment space and the functional groups broadly corresponded to weed communities, pastures with differing intensities, and heathlands. The trade-off in plant economics responding to soil resources supports predictions of previous theoretical and empirical work. Different RI-environment relationships in agricultural sites and heathlands emphasize the relevance of local scales in trait-environment studies. In general, the results point to some of the biological mechanisms controlling functions and services of agricultural ecosystems.     

深圳湾TIN和PO43--P数值模拟及减排效果分析

采用EFDC模型建立深圳湾三维水动力和营养盐模型,模拟总无机氮(TIN)和正磷酸盐(PO43--P)等主要营养盐在深圳湾不同水文条件下的输运规律.计算结果表明,TIN和PO43--P的计算值和实测多年月均值枯、丰水期都吻合较好.内陆河流TIN和PO43--P减排方案的计算表明,珠江口TIN提高至三类海水标准是深圳湾水体...     

Influence of flooding and vegetation on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in the pore water of a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh

Four sites were selected in a salt marsh in the Bah′?a Blanca Estuary (Argentina): (1) low marsh (flooded by the tide twice daily) vegetated by S. alterniflora; (2) non-vegetated low marsh; (3) high marsh (flooded only in spring tides) vegetated by S. alterniflora; (4) non-vegetated high marsh. The pH and Eh were measured in sediments, while dissolved nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate) and particulate organic matter (POM) were determined in pore water. pH (6.2–8.7) was only a ected by vegetation in low areas. Eh (from –300 to 250 mV) was lower at low sites than at high ones; in the latter, the values were higher in the non-vegetated sediments. The POM concentration was greater in the high marsh than in the low marsh, with no e ect of vegetation. Ammonium was the most abundant nitrogen nutrient species in pore water, except in the non-vegetated high marsh where nitrate concentration was higher. All nitrogen nutrients were a ected by both flooding and vegetation. Phosphate was always present in pore water at all sites throughout the year and its concentration varied within narrow limits, with no e ect of flooding and greater values always at non-vegetated sites. Our results showed that the variability of the pore water composition within the marsh is greater than the temporal variation, meaning that both tidal flooding and vegetation are important in the dynamics of nutrients and organic matter in the sediment pore water.     

QuAAtrO连续流动分析仪测定海水中营养盐

实验研究QuAAtro测定海水四项营养盐的精密度、检出限和准确度,并与手动分析进行比对试验。结果表明:QuAAtro分析海水营养盐具有高精密度、低检出限和较高准确度;和手动分析没有明显的差异却具有速度快、消耗少的特点。     

紫花苜蓿改良盐渍土对土壤微生物活性和养分含量的影响

为探讨干旱地区种植紫花苜蓿改良盐渍土对土壤微生物生物量及其活性和土壤养分的影响,选择河西走廊黑河流域国有临泽农场的草甸盐土荒地作为对照,研究了种植紫花苜蓿2、3、4年后的改土效果。结果表明：与CK相比,连续种植4年后,所测定的土壤化学性质和微生物化学性质指标都发生了极显著（P〈0.01）的有利变化,电导率下降5.96 mS.cm-1,pH下降0.25,有机碳增加1.50 g.kg-1,微生物生物量碳增加48.93 mg.kg-1,微生物熵上升0.43%,荧光素二乙酸酯水解率提高10.87μg.g-1.h-1,碱解氮增加17.37 mg.kg-1,速效磷增加2.87 mg.kg-1,速效钾增加44.93 mg.kg-1。相关分析表明,微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、荧光素二乙酸酯水解率、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾与土壤有机碳之间极显著（P〈0.01）正相关,相关系数分别为0.86、0.80、0.87、0.85、0.79、0.80,而与电导率之间极显著（P〈0.01）负相关,相关系数分别为-0.83、-0.79、-0.84、-0.86、-0.88、-0.78。研究认为,种植紫花苜蓿对草甸盐土有显著的改良效果,电导率下降,有机碳含量提高,微生物活性增强,速效养分含量增加。     

Correction to: Urban water and food security in this century and beyond: Resource-smart cities and residents

The urban world population will increase from 3 to 8.5 thousand million in the 21st century. Cities become hot spots of both demand for water and global food and for disposed used water and nutrients. Sustainability requires that resource flows through our cities are co-managed and connected to agriculture. Reduced use of harmful chemicals in consumer products facilitates treatment to a quality that allows reuse/recycling of water and nutrients. A solid and liquid waste hierarchy can assist in ordering measures. A novel flexible water balance can guide city infrastructure and keep toilet water separate. New water-saving equipment can substantially reduce water use without losing personal comfort. The combination of these new approaches ascertains access to safe urban water, and that recovered nutrients from cities can substitute half of chemical fertilisers needed in food production. Now, thousands of new cities and suburbs provide unique opportunities to develop resource-smart and sustainable flows.     

山地城市新建湖库氮磷营养盐时空特征研究

重庆市园博园龙景湖是一新建的山地河道型深水湖库.通过为期一年对龙景湖水库氮磷营养盐的监测,研究龙景湖水库氮磷营养盐的时空格局、变化特点和相互关系,分析园博园旅游区人为活动的特点以及上游流域来水水质对水库水质的影响.结果表明,龙景湖水库整体总氮和总磷年均浓度分别为(1.42±0.46)mg·L-1和(0.09±0.03)mg·L-1,存在丰水期平水期低于枯水期的季节性波动.湖库主水体区、开阔水体区和库湾区受所在区域影响因素不同,氮磷浓度分布存在时空异质性:主水体区季节变化特征与湖库整体基本一致;两个开阔水体区将主水体区分别与上游、库湾连接,顺水流方向的氮磷浓度沿程逐渐降低,开阔水体区氮磷营养盐受上游来水水质和周围园区功能布设影响;典型库湾区营养盐浓度高于主水体区和开阔水体区.湖库丰水期颗粒态的氮、磷占总氮、总磷质量分数分别为51.7%和72.8%,枯水期硝酸盐氮、活性磷酸盐分别占总氮、总磷质量分数为42.0%和59.4%,氨氮和溶解态有机氮占总氮质量分数相对稳定;氮磷比全年均值为18.429±7.883,营养物限制情况上,氮、磷为主要限制因素的时段分别为5.3%、21.2%.