Diel Variability of Water Quality in a Tropical Polluted Bay

The objective is to describe and quantify the diel variability of water quality in a tropical coastal system, Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Water samples were collected in spring and neap tide cycles over 24 h periods at three strategic sites. A pollution gradient was evident between the sampling sites. The average fecal coliform values decreased from 10⁶ (site 3, most polluted) to 10¹ (site 1, less polluted). Organic matter mineralization was found in a similar gradient to organic pollution. However, complete nitrification was only found associated to regions where the water quality was better. Variability in this data set was determined mostly by the pollution gradient observed, and by tidal influence as well. The poor water quality indicates that the bay undergoes severe environmental stress. However water renewal promoted by tidal action was an important mechanism in diluting the pollution, improving water quality even in ebb tides and in the inner channels. The significance of micro-scale changes in water quality assessment in Guanabara Bay was confirmed, as well as the importance of these strategic sampling sites, reinforcing the importance of these measurements in monitoring programs.     

WATER QUALITY AND SOURCE OF FRESHWATER DISCHARGE TO THE CALOOSAHATCHEE ESTUARY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: The Caloosahatchee River has two major sources of freshwater one from its watershed and the other via an artificial connection to Lake Okeechobee. The contribution of each source to the freshwater discharge reaching the downstream estuary varies and either may dominate. Routine monitoring data were analyzed to determine the effects of total river discharge and source of discharge (river basin, lake) on water quality in the downstream estuary. Parameters examined were: color, total suspended solids, light attenuation, chlorophyll a, and total and dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. In general, the concentrations of color, and total and dissolved inorganic nitrogen increased, and total suspended solids decreased, as total discharge increased. When the river basin was the major source, the concentrations of nutrients (excepting ammonia) and color in the estuary were relatively higher than when the lake was the major source. Light attenuation was greater when the river basin dominated freshwater discharge to the estuary. The analysis indicates that water quality in the downstream estuary changes as a function of both total discharge and source of discharge. Relative to discharge from the river basin, releases from Lake Okeechobee do not detectably increase concentrations of nutrients, color, or TSS in the estuary.     

苏州河和黄浦江2002年春夏季营养盐变化

于2002年4～7月在苏州河、黄浦江4个采样点采集水样,并用连续流动分析仪进行NH3-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、PO4．P、SiO3-Si等5个项目含量的测定。对比分析北新泾、河南路桥、十六铺和嫩江码头4个站点营养盐之间的情况,发现苏州河春、夏季节营养盐的变化比黄浦江强烈,而5个营养盐项目之间,NH3-N比其他项目变化较大;苏州河的营养盐通量在黄浦江通量上占一定比重,其中以NH3-N比重最大;另外,黄浦江水体中,营养盐浓度在嫩江码头站位较上游十六浦站位有不同程度的增加,同样的,以NH3-N增加为最。     

太湖氮磷营养盐大气湿沉降特征及入湖贡献率

2009年8月—2010年7月在太湖流域不同区域10个采样点收集降水样品230多个,测定其中不同形态N,P营养盐的质量浓度,分析太湖大气湿沉降中N,P营养盐沉降特征,计算N,P营养盐湿沉降率及其占太湖河流入湖负荷的贡献率. 结果表明:湿沉降中ρ(TN)年均值为3.16 mg/L,DTN(溶解性总氮)占TN的70%以上,其中以NH₄+-N为主;湿沉降中ρ(TN)年均值最高值出现在南部湖区,最低值出现在北部湖区. 湿沉降中ρ(TP)年均值为0.08 mg/L,相对较低. 5个区域湿沉降中不同形态N的质量浓度均表现为冬季高、夏季低,而不同形态N,P的湿沉降量均为夏季最大. 南部、东部湖区TN的湿沉降率相对较大. 各采样点湿沉降中NH₄+-N沉降率约占DTN沉降率的30.4%～52.0%,NO₃--N沉降率约占DTN的31.6%;各区域间湿沉降中DTP(溶解性总磷)占TP的比例差异较大. 大气湿沉降中TN和TP的年沉降总量分别为10 868 和247 t,为同期河流入湖负荷的18.6%和11.9%,湿沉降对太湖富营养化的贡献及可能带来的水生态系统的影响不容忽视.      

刈割对牧草地下部根区土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响

对不同刈割强度对牧草地下部根区土壤养分状况及土壤酶活性进行了研究,结果表明,牧草刈割对根区土壤养分、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量存在一定影响。不同刈割强度对牧草根区土壤有机质、全磷和全钾含量无明显影响。土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均因刈割强度的增加而显著下降。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性因刈割处理强度的增加而下降;土壤过氧化氢酶活性则表现为相反的变化趋势。刈割对土壤微生物总数量的影响较大,表现为轻刈割>不刈割>重刈割。     

Model‐Based Nitrogen and Phosphorus (Nutrient) Criteria for Large Temperate Rivers: 2. Criteria Derivation

Nitrogen and phosphorus criteria were developed for 233 km of the Yellowstone River, one of the first cases where a mechanistic model has been used to derive large river numeric nutrient criteria. A water quality model and a companion model which simulates lateral algal biomass across transects were used to simulate effects of increasing nutrients on five variables (dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, total dissolved gas, pH, and benthic algal biomass in depths ≤1 m). Incremental increases in nutrients were evaluated relative to their impact on predefined thresholds for each variable; the first variable to exceed a threshold set the nutrient criteria. Simulations were made at a low flow, the 14Q5 (lowest average 14 consecutive day flow, July‐September, recurring one in five years), which was derived using benthic algae growth curves and EPA guidance on excursion frequency. An extant climate dataset with an annual recurrence was used, and tributary water quality and flows were coincident with the river's 10 lowest flow years. The river had different sensitivities to nutrients longitudinally, pH being the most sensitive variable in the upstream reach and algal biomass in the lower. Model‐based criteria for the Yellowstone River are as follows: between the Bighorn and Powder river confluences, 55 μg TP/l and 655 μg TN/l; from the Powder River confluence to Montana state line, 95 μg TP/l and 815 μg TN/l. Pros and cons of using steady‐state models to derive river nutrient criteria are discussed.     

金盆水库暴雨径流时空演变过程及水质评价

为探究西安金盆水库汛期暴雨径流沿程时空演变过程及库区水质响应,对汛期2019年8月初与9月中旬两场暴雨径流上游河道至库区各断面的水质指标进行持续原位监测,并在垂向上采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法对库区进行水质评价.结果表明：汛期暴雨径流连续不同的来流条件会演变成不同的潜入情况,两次径流初期入流量小,水库潜流均经历全断面径流-底部潜流-间层流的过程,在末期,8月初径流库区间层流位置由初期的545~565 m扩大为535~580 m,9月中旬径流潜流位置由初期540~575 m的间层流演变成575 m以下的底部潜流;连续的入流使库区热分层结构削弱,溶解氧得到补充,同时大量颗粒态污染物汇入库区,营养盐在垂向上表现为中层、底层水体高于表层;单因子污染指数表明径流潜流处总磷和高锰酸盐指数值都有一定的增加,末期均超过地表水Ⅲ类水质标准;综合污染指数表明8月初径流中层水质处于中污染,底层则受厌氧与颗粒沉降的双重影响达到重污染,并且在径流一周后达到峰值,而9月中旬的575 m以下的潜流直接导致中层水体处于重污染,底层由于溶解氧的补充处于中污染;汛期通过泄洪洞的排放与分层取水可以有效地保障供水安全.     

Monitoring of soil biochemical quality parameters under greenhouse spinach cultivation through animal waste recycling

Under the intensive agricultural system, direct application of animal slurries to soils can provide a sustainable disposal of these wastes by inducing positive changes in soil quality and fertility. However, how animal wastes quantitatively affect the key nutrients (C, N, P and S) transforming soil enzymes is not clearly known. A greenhouse spinach cultivation study demonstrated that pig slurry, either in raw (RS) or processed (aerobically aged) (PS) form, significantly (p?β-glucosidase (23–39%), urease (59–103%), nitrate reductase (73–103%) and dehydrogenase (27–72%)) and microbial growth in soil as compared to the unamended control. However, it did not significantly (p?>?.05) alter the aryl sulphatase enzyme activity. Slurry applications also significantly improved the macro (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe) uptake by spinach plant and hence the yield (2.9–3.38 times higher than control). Similarly, compared to chemical fertilisers the application of pig slurries improved soil biological and biochemical parameters as well as plant nutrients uptake. This study demonstrated the closing of global energy and nutrient cycles through land application of animal wastes without compromising the crop yield.     

Effects of visible light radiation on macrophyte litter degradation and nutrient release in water samples from a eutrophic shallow lake

Visible light is a major fraction of the solar spectrum; however, information on visible light radiation of macrophyte detritus is lacking. In this study, we conducted a microcosm experiment to assess the effects of visible light radiation on degradation of two litter species: Potamogeton malaianus (P. malaianus) and Phragmites australis (Ph. australis). This research represents an investigation of mass loss, microbial activity and nutrients released over a period of 168 days. Overall, we found that visible light radiation had significant effects on litter decomposition, but it did not affect the microbial activities which degrade cellulose and lignin. The decomposition rate order of the three components in P. malaianus and Ph. australis in treatments was: cellulose?>?hemicellulose?>?lignin. The visible light radiation mainly affected the degradation of lignin, which is the primary compound in litter susceptible to photodegradation. The exposure to visible light radiation up to 17.6?Wm^?2 stimulated the dissolved organic carbon release and reduced the molecular weight to less reactive. Meanwhile, no obvious difference in nutrient contents (TP, TN, NO₃–N, NO₂–N, and NH₃–N) was observed among different visible light intensities. The results of this study contribute to better understanding of the photochemical behaviour of macrophyte litter in shallow lakes.     

金盆水库汛期高浊水径流的潜入及热分层水体水质响应

以西安金盆水库为研究对象,在汛期通过对河流区至库区的水温、浊度、DO和营养盐等水质指标进行连续监测,探究降雨径流的潜入规律及热分层水体水质动态响应特性.结果表明:在外界气温变化条件下,水库出现季节性热分层现象.汛期径流的汇入导致下温跃层消亡,热分层稳定性减弱;汛期径流水体携带大量颗粒态营养盐物质和泥沙以异重流形式潜入,其流态从过渡区的底层潜流向主库区间层流转变,潜入初期间层流厚度达20m.降雨早期异重流的潜入导致中下层水体的TN、TP、TOC显著增加,水体平均TN、TP、TOC、浊度最高分别超出平时0.2,2,0.6,16倍,水质呈现短时高污染负荷.底层潜流水体水温较高,大量沉降于沉积物中的颗粒态污染物分解速率加快,內源污染负荷进一步提高,底层水体中TN、TP、TOC浓度高达1.88,0.05,4.6mg/L;汛期可通过分层取水方案和排放高浊水来保障供水安全.