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221.
Animal eyes generally fall into two categories: (1) their photoreceptive array is convex, as is typical for camera eyes, including
the human eye, or (2) their photoreceptive array is concave, as is typical for the compound eye of insects. There are a few
rare examples of the latter eye type having secondarily evolved into the former one. When viewed in a phylogenetic framework,
the head morphology of a variety of male scale insects suggests that this group could be one such example. In the Margarodidae
(Hemiptera, Coccoidea), males have been described as having compound eyes, while males of some more derived groups only have
two single-chamber eyes on each side of the head. Those eyes are situated in the place occupied by the compound eye of other
insects. Since male scale insects tend to be rare, little is known about how their visual systems are organized, and what
anatomical traits are associated with this evolutionary transition. In adult male Margarodidae, one single-chamber eye (stemmateran
ocellus) is present in addition to a compound eye-like region. Our histological investigation reveals that the stemmateran
ocellus has an extended retina which is formed by concrete clusters of receptor cells that connect to its own first-order
neuropil. In addition, we find that the ommatidia of the compound eyes also share several anatomical characteristics with
simple camera eyes. These include shallow units with extended retinas, each of which is connected by its own small nerve to
the lamina. These anatomical changes suggest that the margarodid compound eye represents a transitional form to the giant
unicornal eyes that have been described in more derived species. 相似文献
222.
Adaptive introgression as a resource for management and genetic conservation in a changing climate
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Current rates of climate change require organisms to respond through migration, phenotypic plasticity, or genetic changes via adaptation. We focused on questions regarding species’ and populations’ ability to respond to climate change through adaptation. Specifically, the role adaptive introgression, movement of genetic material from the genome of 1 species into the genome of another through repeated interbreeding, may play in increasing species’ ability to respond to a changing climate. Such interspecific gene flow may mediate extinction risk or consequences of limited adaptive potential that result from standing genetic variation and mutation alone, enabling a quicker demographic recovery in response to changing environments. Despite the near dismissal of the potential benefits of hybridization by conservation practitioners, we examined a number of case studies across different taxa that suggest gene flow between sympatric or parapatric sister species or within species that exhibit strong ecotypic differentiation may represent an underutilized management option to conserve evolutionary potential in a changing environment. This will be particularly true where advanced‐generation hybrids exhibit adaptive traits outside the parental phenotypic range, a phenomenon known as transgressive segregation. The ideas presented in this essay are meant to provoke discussion regarding how we maintain evolutionary potential, the conservation value of natural hybrid zones, and consideration of their important role in adaptation to climate. 相似文献
223.
Peter Roessingh Katja H. Hora S. Ying Fung Anja Peltenburg Steph B. J. Menken 《Chemoecology》2000,10(1):41-47
Summary. The sugar alcohol dulcitol is a strong feeding stimulant for larvae of the small ermine moth Yponomeuta cagnagellus. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that dulcitol also acts as an oviposition stimulant for this species. We found that
the sugar-alcohol dulcitol was present on the surface of the host Euonymus europaeus. We also showed that (as yet unidentified compounds) can be systemically transferred (i.e. by uptake and transport via the
vascular system) from E. europaeus, to the non-host Crataegus monogyna and stimulate oviposition. However, no evidence was found that this stimulatory activity was due to dulcitol. Systemic enrichment
of C. monogyna with dulcitol did not induce oviposition on this plant. Neither was the application of pure dulcitol on artificial twigs
effective. In addition it was shown that when dulcitol was removed from host plant extracts, oviposition stimulatory activity
was retained in the fraction without dulcitol. Synergism between dulcitol and other stimulants could not be demonstrated,
however, high concentrations of dulcitol in combination with the main stimulant(s) showed a trend towards enhanced oviposition.
It is concluded that the sugar alcohol dulcitol can only play a limited role in adult host acceptance behaviour. The hypothesis
that a host shift in the genus Yponomeuta from Celastraceae to Rosaceae might have been facilitated by the presence of small amounts of dulcitol in Rosaceae therefore
needs to be restricted to larval feeding behaviour.
Received 20 August 1999; accepted 6 December 1999 相似文献
224.
突变理论视角下突发群体事件演化机理研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为探究突发群体事件各阶段的现象、动因和突变点等演化问题,通过剖析突发群体事件影响因素,将事件影响因素分为内在动因和外在诱因,以平息和爆发2种状态作为突发群体事件演化的趋势,构建突发群体事件演化模型,根据该模型解释突发群体事件各阶段的演化现象,找到突变点,分析演化趋势。结果表明:突发群体事件在内在动因和外在诱因的综合作用下,事件发展由量变到质变演化的3个层级阶段,其中,突变点对突发群体事件爆发起决定作用。 相似文献
225.
中国2000~2010年生态足迹变化特征及影响因素 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
以2000年全球平均生产力为衡量标准,核算了2000~2010年我国生态足迹,并分析了其动态变化特征和社会经济影响因素. 结果表明,2000~2010年我国生态足迹由17.69亿gha增加到32.59亿gha,年均增长6.30%; 碳足迹是10年间增长最快的生态足迹类型,由7.42亿gha增加到18.05gha,年均增长9.29%; 耕地足迹的净增幅也较大,由6.78亿gha增加到8.91亿gha; 林地、 草地、 渔业和建设用地足迹的净增幅相对较小. 2000~2010年我国人均生态足迹由1.40 gha增加到2.43gha,尽管仍低于世界平均水平,但已远超我国人均生态承载力,并造成严重的生态赤字,危及我国生态安全. 全国生态足迹的急剧增加主要受人均生态足迹的快速增长驱动,而经济增长和城镇化所带来的人均消费的产品和服务的快速增长是我国人均生态足迹快速增长的主要驱动力; 同时,国际贸易中资源密集型产品的大量出口也是驱动我国生态足迹快速增长的重要驱动因素. 如果不采取有效的控制措施,按照发达国家人均生态足迹的演变规律,随着我国由中等收入向高收入国家迈进,人均生态足迹将进一步快速增长,我国生态赤字将进一步加剧. 相似文献
226.
泛长三角地区工业污染重心演变路径及其驱动机制研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
工业污染重心路径演变是制造业转移过程中形成的环境空间响应形式,为探明经济发达的泛长三角地区工业污染重心对制造业转移的响应关系,采用2000~2010年工业污染排放数据,运用重心模型,测算各年份工业废水、废气和固废排放重心坐标,分析工业污染重心转移路径及演变规律,探讨重心演变的驱动机制.结果表明:1泛长三角地区的工业污染重心发生了偏移,其中工业固废偏移距离最大,为180.18 km,而工业废水、废气偏移的方向最大,分别为0.40°、0.17°;2工业污染重心轨迹偏移受多种因素的驱动影响.其中,安徽、江西地区重工业的高速发展加剧了污染重心朝西部偏移;以江苏、上海、浙江为代表的长三角地区产业结构优化与调整在一定程度上缓解了该地区的工业污染,安徽、江西地区高污染产业份额的增加及宽松的宏观区域政策助推了工业污染向西部地区偏移;而大规模的清洁化生产、较强的环境治理力度和完善的环保监测制度在一定程度上减缓了工业污染朝东部地区偏移. 相似文献
227.
K.?L.?BuchananEmail author M.?R.?Evans A.?R.?Goldsmith 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,55(1):50-59
The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) suggests that dominance signals are costly because their development is controlled by testosterone, which is immunosuppressive. Signal control therefore links an increased disease risk with a high quality signal. The chest bib of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, is a signal known to be related to dominance and under control of testosterone levels. We experimentally manipulated testosterone in male sparrows during the breeding season and again independently during the post-breeding period to test whether variation in levels of testosterone could cause variation in levels of immunocompetence. There was no effect of testosterone manipulation on the cell-mediated response of birds to phytohaemagglutinin injection, nor did testosterone levels appear to affect either white blood cell ratios or red blood cell counts. In contrast, both breeding season and post-breeding season testosterone levels had significant effects upon the humoral response of the birds to sheep red blood cell injections. However, whilst testosterone during the breeding season appeared to act immunosuppressively, the role of post-breeding levels is less clear. In concordance with a previous study, there was an indication that corticosterone is involved in mediating the immunosuppressive effects of testosterone. The strength of the secondary humoral response and the cell-mediated response were negatively related suggesting the possibility of a trade-off between the different arms of the immune system. These results provide some support for the ICHH as a mechanism promoting the evolution of costly badges of status, although the results question whether the immunosuppressive cost can be mediated by testosterone at the time of badge development.Communicated by W.A.Searcy 相似文献
228.
Gary E. Varner 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1994,7(1):29-40
Much of the scientific literature on vegetarian nutrition leaves one with the impression that vegan diets are significantly more risky than omnivorous ones, especially for individuals with high metabolic demands (such as pregnant or lactating women and children). But nutrition researchers have tended to skew their study populations toward new vegetarians, members of religious sects with especially restrictive diets and tendencies to eschew fortified foods and medical care, and these are arguably the last people we would expect to thrive on vegan diets. Researchers also have some tendency to play up weakly confirmed risks of vegan dietsvis-à-vis equally weakly confirmed benefits. And, in spite of these methodological and rhetorical biases, for every nutrient which vegans are warned to be cognizant of, there is reason to believe that they are not at significantly greater risk of nutritional deficiency than omnivores. 相似文献
229.
230.
太湖流域水灾演变与环境变迁的相关分析 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
新石器时期以来,太湖地区的水灾发生机制和表现形式严格受控于海、地、气系统的能量均衡和转换过程,具有明显的阶段性特征,遵循由海洋优势性向海面控制基准下陆源洪水的演变过程.愈接近现代,成灾和干扰因素愈趋复杂,逐渐呈现出水灾与环境相互反馈使水灾加深(岗身体系形成并完善,太湖形成并扩张以来),以及人类活动、水灾与环境三者间相互反馈使水灾频度加大等趋势(尤其自南宋以来).提出了相对高海面的水灾控制基面效应和太湖水灾扩张效应等观点. 相似文献