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331.
332.
益西拉姆 《防灾科技学院学报》2005,7(4):71-73
西藏日喀则地震台处于特殊的地理位置和地理环境,观测环境受到来自自然和人为因素的诸多干扰,本文剖析了各个干扰因素对观测环境影响,提出了一些具体而可行的解决办法。 相似文献
333.
Fisher’s 1930 theory of sex allocation predicts a population-wide 1:1 ratio of parental investment. We tested this prediction
in the European beewolf, a sphecid wasp that hunts for honeybees as larval food. Because the method to quantify parental investment
is of crucial importance, we compared the suitability of several different investment measures. Female/male cost ratios were
determined from a sample and the total investment in sons and daughters was calculated. In addition, the actual number of
prey items for sons and daughters was directly determined by excavating nests and counting the cuticle remains of the prey.
Though mortality was high (70%), it had only a weak effect on the estimate of the investment ratio. Based on commonly used
measures like fresh and dry weight of emerged adults, the investment ratio did not deviate from Fisher’s prediction of equal
investment. However, progeny weight considerably underestimates investment in males and investment in large progeny. Measures
that reflect the allocation of resources more directly (amount of provisions, brood cell volume) revealed a significant male
bias and thus contradicted Fisher’s theory. Three kinds of explanation are discussed. First, non-adaptive explanations are
unlikely. Second, from the spectrum of alternative adaptive theories, only models that assume a non-linear relationship between
amount of investment and progeny fitness seem to be relevant for the study species. Third, though the number of prey in a
brood cell seems to be a rather good measure of parental investment in European beewolves, some problems in measuring parental
investment remain. These problems are of broad significance.
Received: 17 June 1999 / Received in revised form: 6 July 1999 / Accepted: 11 July 1999 相似文献
334.
民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘特征研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统进行沙尘暴监测,分析民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘分布特征.结果表明:民勤降尘量与沙尘天气发生频率密切相关,春季3,4月沙尘高发期月降尘量分别为9.0和9.5 mg/cm2.降尘随距地面高度的增加而减小,最大降尘出现在近地面1 m处,月降尘量为9.7 mg/cm2;降尘受下垫面条件影响较大,从荒漠区到绿洲边缘,风速减弱4.11%,总降尘量由25.0 mg/cm2减少到20.6 mg/cm2;绿洲内部受防护林作用,风速减弱30.45%,总降尘量增到24.6 mg/cm2,最大降尘量提高到近地面9 m处,与绿洲防护林冠层平均高度相吻合.风速对近地面20m内的降尘影响明显,平均降尘量2.5 mg/cm2.距地面9 m的高度范围内,降尘随持续时间变化迅速增加,降尘增量可达3.1 mg/cm2. 相似文献
335.
利用2010~2013年逐时霾、能见度和空气质量监测数据,分析了深圳霾天气的变化特征、霾与空气质量和气象条件的关系.结果表明:深圳市霾日数总体呈现增多增强趋势,2009年开始明显下降;霾日数呈“V”型月变化:即秋冬季多、春夏季少,秋冬季多发持续时间长、影响严重的霾过程,春夏季多发持续时间短的霾过程; 霾常伴有污染发生(35%),污染以轻度污染为主;霾时首要污染物PM2.5最多、其次O3,这说明PM2.5是造成深圳霾的主因,且深圳光化学污染严重. 霾时PM2.5、PM10 和O3季节变化明显,冬春季首要污染物以PM2.5为主(75%以上),夏秋季O3和PM2.5为主;分析还发现,风、相对湿度与霾密切相关,风速越弱,湿度越大, 越利于霾出现和发展.约80%的中重度霾出现在风速<2m/s,相对湿度70%~90%的情况下. 相似文献
336.
Measurement errors in spawner abundance create problems for fish stock assessment scientists. To deal with measurement error, we develop a Bayesian state-space model for stock-recruitment data that contain measurement error in spawner abundance, process error in recruitment, and time series bias. Through extensive simulations across numerous scenarios, we compare the statistical performance of the Bayesian state-space model with that of standard regression for a traditional stock-recruitment model that only considers process error. Performance varies depending on the information content in data, as determined by stock productivity, types of harvest situations, and amount of measurement error. Overall, in terms of estimating optimal spawner abundance SMSY, the Ricker density-dependence parameter β, and optimal harvest rate hMSY, the Bayesian state-space model works best for informative data from low and variable harvest rate situations for high-productivity salmon stocks. The traditional stock-recruitment model (TSR) may be used for estimating α and hMSY for low-productivity stocks from variable and high harvest rate situations. However, TSR can severely overestimate SMSY when spawner abundance is measured with large error in low and variable harvest rate situations. We also found that there is substantial merit in using hMSY (or benchmarks derived from it) instead of SMSY as a management target. 相似文献
337.
D. T. Pederson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(6):1367-1374
ABSTRACT: Interpretation of ground water level changes in a developed aquifer usually relies on reference to some benchmark such as “predevelopment” ground water levels, changes from fall to fall and/or spring to spring, or to determination of maximum stress during the pumping season. The assumption is that ground water levels measured in the monitoring well accurately reflect the state of the ground water resource in terms of quantity in storage and the effects of local pumping. This assumption is questionable based on the patterns shown in continuous hydrographs of water levels in monitoring wells in Nebraska, and wells installed to determine vertical gradients. These hydrographs show clear evidence for vertical ground water gradients and recharge from overlying parts of the aquifer system to deeper zones in which production wells are screened. The classical concept of semi‐perched ground water, as described by Meinzer, is demonstrated by these hydrographs. The presence of semi‐perched ground water (Meinzer definition, there is no intervening unsaturated zone) invalidates the use of measured ground water levels in regional observation programs for detailed numerical management of the resource. Failure to recognize the Meinzer effect has led to faulty management. The best use of data from the observation well network would be for detection of trends and education unless it is clearly understood what is being measured. 相似文献
338.
339.
Léa Fortunato Chantal Guihenneuc-Jouyaux Margot Tirmarche Dominique Laurier Denis Hémon 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(3):341-353
Ecological studies enable investigation of geographic variations in exposure to environmental variables, across groups, in
relation to health outcomes measured on a geographic scale. Such studies are subject to ecological biases, including pure
specification bias which arises when a nonlinear individual exposure-risk model is assumed to apply at the area level. Introduction
of the within-area variance of exposure should induce a marked reduction in this source of ecological bias. Assuming several
measurements per area of exposure and no confounding risk factors, we study the model including the within-area exposure variability
when Gaussian within-area exposure distribution is assumed. The robustness is assessed when the within-area exposure distribution
is misspecified. Two underlying exposure distributions are studied: the Gamma distribution and an unimodal mixture of two
Gaussian distributions. In case of strong ecological association, this model can reduce the bias and improve the precision
of the individual parameter estimates when the within-area exposure means and variances are correlated. These different models
are applied to analyze the ecological association between radon concentration and childhood acute leukemia in France.
相似文献
Léa FortunatoEmail: |
340.
In his recent article on measuring the long-term trends in the real prices of primary commodities, Cuddington (2010) extends in several important respects our earlier efforts (Svedberg and Tilton, 2006) to correct real commodity price trends for biases in the Consumer Price Index and other deflators. First, he argues for a log-linear relationship between prices and time. Second, he proposes a simple and quick method for obtaining corrected price trends from the published but uncorrected estimates. Finally, he illustrates, for the case of copper and presumably for many other commodities as well, the difficulties of obtaining real price trends significantly different from zero when the log values of the price data contain a unit root, requiring the use of difference stationary models.We welcome these insights, which should improve and make easier efforts to estimate correctly real commodity price trends over the long run. We would stress, however, that it is still important to correct for the biases in inflation indices, notwithstanding the failure of difference stationary models to obtain long-run real price trends (both corrected and uncorrected) significantly different from zero. 相似文献