Turning molehills into mountains: Sleepiness increases workplace interpretive bias

Three studies draw from evolutionary theory to assess whether sleepiness increases interpretive biases in workplace social judgments. Study 1 established a relationship between sleepiness and interpretive bias using ambiguous interpersonal scenarios from a measure commonly used in personnel selection (N = 148). Study 2 explored the boundary conditions of the sleepiness–interpretive bias link via an experimental online field survey of U.S. adults (N = 433). Sleepiness increased interpretive bias when social threats were clearly present (unfair workplace) but did not affect bias in the absence of threat (fair workplace). Study 3 replicated and extended findings from the previous two studies using objective measures of sleep loss and a quasi‐experimental manipulation of minor sleep loss (N = 175). Negative affect, ego depletion, or personality variables did not influence the observed relationships. Overall, results suggest that a self‐protection/evolutionary perspective best explains the effects of sleepiness on workplace interpretive biases. These studies advance the current research on sleep in organizations by adding a cognitive “threat interpretation” bias approach to past work examining the emotional reaction/behavioral side of sleep disruption. Interpretive biases due to sleepiness may have significant implications for employee health and counterproductive behavior. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

疫情管控期间深圳市城区VOCs的变化特征及减排效果评估

2022年3月为防止新冠肺炎疫情(COVID-19)的传播扩散,深圳市采取了严格的管控措施,这为研究深圳市环境空气中人为源挥发性有机物(AVOCs)变化对减排的响应,以及评估当前减排措施的有效性提供了检验机会.基于2022年3月7～27日深圳市莲花站污染物的在线观测数据,对疫情管控前、管控期间和解除管控后AVOCs的变化进行了分析,并利用基于观测的模型(OBM)研究了臭氧生成的敏感性变化,开展了前体物减排效果的评估.结果表明,受区域影响及气象条件的干扰,深圳市城区AVOCs的平均值在疫情管控期间并没有较管控前明显下降;但疫情管控期间“海陆风”影响下早高峰AVOCs的峰值较非管控期间平均下降了46%,且以芳香烃的降幅最大,下降了59%;在持续偏东风影响下或受区域传输影响AVOCs累积升高过程中,芳香烃也分别平均下降了25%和21%.深圳市疫情管控期间城区仍处于AVOCs控制区,短期内要使O₃下降,提高AVOCs的减排比例是最有效的措施,建议AVOCs与NO_x的协同减排比例大于1∶2;长期NO_x需深度减排到60%以上才有可能...     

Growth of non-English-language literature on biodiversity conservation

English is widely recognized as the language of science, and English-language publications (ELPs) are rapidly increasing. It is often assumed that the number of non-ELPs is decreasing. This assumption contributes to the underuse of non-ELPs in conservation science, practice, and policy, especially at the international level. However, the number of conservation articles published in different languages is poorly documented. Using local and international search systems, we searched for scientific articles on biodiversity conservation published from 1980 to 2018 in English and 15 non-English languages. We compared the growth rate in publications across languages. In 12 of the 15 non-English languages, published conservation articles significantly increased every year over the past 39 years, at a rate similar to English-language articles. The other three languages showed contrasting results, depending on the search system. Since the 1990s, conservation science articles in most languages increased exponentially. The variation in the number of non-English-language articles identified among the search systems differed markedly (e.g., for simplified Chinese, 11,148 articles returned with local search system and 803 with Scopus). Google Scholar and local literature search systems returned the most articles for 11 and 4 non-English languages, respectively. However, the proportion of peer-reviewed conservation articles published in non-English languages was highest in Scopus, followed by Web of Science and local search systems, and lowest in Google Scholar. About 20% of the sampled non-English-language articles provided no title or abstract in English; thus, in theory, they were undiscoverable with English keywords. Possible reasons for this include language barriers and the need to disseminate research in countries where English is not widely spoken. Given the known biases in statistical methods and study characteristics between English- and non-English-language studies, non-English-language articles will continue to play an important role in improving the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation.     

北京地区MODIS卫星遥感气溶胶资料的检验与应用

利用NASA发布的MODISlevel2产品 ,结合在北京大学多波段太阳光度计观测的数据 ,分析检验了 2 0 0 1 0 1— 2 0 0 2 11北京地区大气气溶胶光学厚度 (5 5 0nm)的变化情况 ,结果表明 ,MODIS卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度具有一定的精度 ,在一定程度上可以反映气溶胶污染物较大范围的空间分布 ,对分析有关气溶胶源和区域性输送等问题提供了一个有效的手段     

扩散采样法观测氨的环境浓度

用被动的扩散采样方法,以磷酸溶液为浸渍试剂吸收室内,外大气环境中的气态氨,然后用分光光度法测定水提取液中的ＮＨ＾＋４,在被观测的３个公寓住宅中,室内氨的平均浓度均高于同期室外氨的平均浓度,初步表明在人类本身可能也是氨的一个来源。     

福建茫荡山地区春季大气O3、HONO、HCHO、H2O2对 ·OH的贡献率研究

2009年春季在福建南平市茫荡山地区进行观测,测量了.OH源O3、HONO、HCHO和H2O2的浓度.结果表明O3、HCHO、HONO、H2O2浓度分别为4.96×10-8、3.97×10-10、2.53×10-10、1.18×10-10,低于华北农村的浓度.利用CMAQ计算O3、HCHO、HONO、H2O2对.OH的贡献率,分别为57.0%、7.7%、34.9%、0.4%.O3光解是该地区最重要的.OH来源.O3、HCHO、H2O2对.OH的贡献呈现单峰变化,在12:00～13:00达到峰值.HONO对.OH的贡献曲线呈波动状,和人类居住环境清晨出现峰值的情况不同.     

藏北高原土壤温度的日变化

为了探讨气候变化的规律和原因,于１９９７－０７－０９期间,在藏北高原不同地点分别建立了自动气象站和埋设了土壤温度、湿度观测系统,土壤温度观测数据表明,在６０ｃｍ以上土壤温度存在着明显的时间变化,其变化为正弦曲线,与太阳辐射的时间变化一致,但存在关不同的时间滞后。地表状况、土壤干湿程度及土壤组分等的差异对土壤温度的时间变化振幅及热通量有影响。在藏北高原,由于挖坑埋设探测食品等对土壤温度场的优动可在５     

2014-2018年南京PM2.5中碳组分污染特征分析

利用在线高分辨率仪器对2014-2018年南京市PM2.5中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)进行了连续监测,结果表明:离线分析法与在线分析法对OC、EC的测定结果具有很好的线性相关性,离线分析的EC、OC浓度高于在线自动监测值;2014-2018年南京OC与EC的平均质量浓度分别为(6. 38±3. 91)μg/m^3和(3. 12±1. 76)μg/m^3,整体呈下降趋势,冬季OC与EC均较高,夏季两者质量浓度较低。OC和EC均呈现夜间高、白天低的日变化规律,OC与EC第一个峰值均出现在08:00左右,OC第二个峰值出现在20:00前后;夏季OC与EC相关性最低,冬季最高,NO2、CO与OC、EC的相关性总体高于SO2,表明燃料燃烧对碳气溶胶有一定贡献,但没有交通源的贡献显著,夏季O3与OC呈现一定程度的正相关性。利用最小相关系数法(MRS)计算大气OC中一次有机碳(POC)和二次有机碳(SOC),结果显示OC中以POC为主,但SOC呈逐年上升趋势,2018年SOC质量浓度达1. 96μg/m3,在OC中占比达31. 9%,后续颗粒物污染治理的重点可能应关注VOCs。     

卫星遥感反演京津冀地区2011-2017年氮氧化物污染变化

基于POMINO AMFv6反演构架和高分辨率WRF-CMAQ模拟资料重构DOMINO v2大气质量因子,开发了京津冀地区高精度NO₂对流层垂直柱浓度卫星数据,并结合反演模型分析了研究区域2011-2017年NO₂柱浓度及重点城市NO_x排放强度的时空演变.2011-2017年间,京津冀地区NO₂柱浓度在北京-天津-唐山及石家庄-邢台-邯郸形成两个核心污染高值区,保定、廊坊、秦皇岛、沧州和衡水分布于东南部的污染背景中,构成污染次高值区,而位于西北部的张家口和北部的承德相对较为清洁,仅在对应的市辖区出现局地污染峰值.京津冀地区柱浓度平均水平在2011-2017年间下降了27.2%.2011-2013年间北京、天津、唐山和石家庄市的NO_x平均排放强度分别为108.3、139.5、241.4和178.6 mol·s^-1,而2015-2017年间下降至98.0、108.2、197.6和85.8 mol·s^-1.基于卫星遥感手段的综合分析表明,2011-2017年期间京津冀地区NO_x污染状况得到明显改善,但各个城市的改善程度存在差异,其中北京、唐山NO₂柱浓度降幅明显低于污染核心高值区的其他城市,在下一阶段制订治理方案时应重点考虑.     

南京及周边区域亚青期间大气监控预警走航观测研究

2013年8月,为了解亚青会期间南京及周边地区大气污染物的来源、时空分布和输送规律,江苏省环境监测中心联合中科院大气物理所等15家单位,开展了为期一个月的夏季联合观测,监测区域覆盖江苏沿江8市以及安徽部分地区。该次联合观测,江苏首次利用空气质量数值预报模式指导开展走航观测,实现了动静、水平与垂直相结合的立体式巡航观测,并初步揭示了现阶段江苏省大气污染主要特征,观测结果直接服务于亚青空气质量会商,为保障南京市空气质量提供技术支撑,同时为2014青奥会空气质量保障积累经验。