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61.
Accounting for the mismanagement of tropical nearshore fisheries 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The underlying reason for the mismanagement of tropical nearshore fisheries is the implementation of policies and programs
based on Western models and approaches, coupled with an inability and/or unwillingness to consider non-Western alternatives
of empirically proven value. Such attitudes are embedded in donor and development agency behavior, and are demonstrated by
the temperate bias in conventional approaches to fisheries education and management, with a corresponding lack of understanding
of tropical milieux, and in the persistence of various prejudices. Adaptive Management, The Ecosystem Approach, Local Knowledge,
and Protected Areas are discussed from the perspectives of Western models and pre-existing Pacific Island systems as alternative
models. Given the parlous condition of the global environment and resources, the best non-Western pre-existing models and
Western approaches must be blended to provide sustainable solutions.
相似文献
Francis R. HickeyEmail: |
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64.
电力安全文化评价工具的编制 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为探索电力安全文化结构,编制出具有较高信效度的评价工具。对深度访谈、参与观察采集的73个情景性行为片段进行编码分析,获取6个类中心,以此为基础编制量表;经试测和大规模抽样调查,对741名有效样本数据进行因素分析和信效度检验。结果表明:电力安全文化的评价指标由管理效力、人性观、规则执行、公平公正性和工作态度构成;因子分析所获因子与理论构想的类中心基本吻合,验证性因素分析所有指标均证明模型拟合较好;量表的再测信度为0.956(P<0.001),内部一致性系数为0.932(P<0.001)。所有统计结论表明,电力安全文化评价工具具备较高信效度,可以用于评估电力企业安全文化。 相似文献
65.
利用中山大学环境气象综合观测车(载有3D可视型激光雷达、多普勒风廓线激光雷达、转动拉曼温廓线激光雷达)于2018年冬季在全国范围内(厦门-北京)的走航观测资料,对我国中东部不同地区和城市的边界层结构以及颗粒物分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)在从南向北走航的过程中,边界层内各个高度的温度以及边界层高度呈下降趋势.(2)不同高度发生颗粒物污染的气象成因有所差别,其中1000 m高度左右发生颗粒物污染的主要成因是较高的水平风速将周围地区的颗粒物输送过来而导致;500 m及近地面附近发生颗粒物污染主要是由水平风速较小导致局地来源的颗粒物堆积以及上游地区颗粒物的输送两者共同作用.(3)逆温结构和上升气流会导致颗粒物在边界层顶堆积,而下沉气流使得颗粒物由在某一高度堆积扩散至整层均匀分布. 相似文献
66.
Impact of bias in predicted height on tree volume estimation: A case-study of intrinsic nonlinearity
Bias originating from intrinsic nonlinearity in nonlinear models is caused by excess curvature in the solution locus of parameter estimates derived from least squares procedures. Bias due to intrinsic nonlinearity varies according to sample size as well as model specification. This paper analyses consequences of fractionising data into smaller sub-samples. Based on measurements of stem diameter and total tree height from the first Danish national forest inventory, it is demonstrated how data splitting at random may cause the intrinsic nonlinear curvature to exceed the critical F-value. Application of a Taylor-series expansion shows that, for all practical purposes, the bias in predictions of individual tree volume (based on stem diameter and tree height) is negligible. To minimize residual variance, intrinsic curvature and, in turn, prediction bias, it is recommended that data be stratified according to site conditions, stand characteristics or other relevant criteria. Finally, the preferred model should exhibit close-to-linear behaviour. 相似文献
67.
Jill P. Collins Christian A. Vossler 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2009,58(2):226-235
This paper uses laboratory experiments with induced values to address fundamental issues related to the incentive compatibility of choice experiment value elicitation questions. In particular, we compare two- versus three-option choice sets and the effect of using alternative provision rules, including one where the outcome is influenced by both participant and “regulator” votes. We find the overall proportion of choices that are inconsistent with induced preferences is rather low. However, there are more deviations from induced preferences for two-option choice sets, and for alternatives to a simple plurality vote implementation rule. A multinomial probit analysis of choices in tandem with a mixed logit welfare analysis suggests there is a statistically significant but modest degree of bias towards selecting the status quo option. 相似文献
68.
太湖地区农田NO排放不连续测量最佳时间 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
以我国南方太湖地区稻麦轮作生态系统的旱地阶段为例,在通过自动连续测量揭示NO排放的时间变异规律性基础上,讨论了NO排放不连续测量结果矫正及最佳观测时间选择.根据自动连续测量结果,NO排放表现出日间极大值型和夜间极大值型2种规律性日变化形式.前者发生在温度比较适宜,但植物生长较弱的情况下,此日变化形式直接与温度有关;后者发生在植物旺盛生长的情况下,且主要取决于植物对铵态氮的吸收,而与温度没有直接关系.在植物生长强弱变换的过渡期,日变化的规律性不明显.不连续测量结果的矫正因子也因植物生长状况而异.当观测时间选择不当,又不进行任何矫正处理时,根据不连续测量结果估计的NO排放可能偏高12% ~47% 或偏低18% ~68% .无论哪种植物生长情形,15v00~16v00都是NO排放不连续测量的最佳观测时间.这时的观测结果不需要日变化矫正,能直接用来代表日平均排放量. 相似文献
69.
SEEMA NAYAN SHETH‡ LÚCIA G. LOHMANN† TRISHA CONSIGLIO IVÁN JIMÉNEZ 《Conservation biology》2008,22(1):200-211
Abstract: Extinction risk has not been evaluated for 96% of all described plant species. Given that the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation proposes preliminary conservation assessments of all described plant species by 2010, herbarium specimens (i.e., primary occurrence data) are increasingly being used to infer threat components from estimates of geographic range size. Nevertheless, estimates of range size based on herbarium data may be inaccurate due to collection bias associated with interspecific variation in detectability. We used data on 377 species of Bignonieae to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between detectability and estimates of geographic range size derived from herbarium specimens. This relationship is expected if the proportion of the true geographic range size of a species that is documented by herbarium specimens is given by the product of the true geographic range size and the detectability of the species, assuming no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability. We developed 4 measures of detectability that can be estimated from herbarium data and examined the relationship between detectability and 2 types of estimates of geographic range size: area of occupancy and extent of occurrence. Our results from regressing estimates of extent of occurrence and area of occupancy on detectability across genera provided no support for this hypothesis. The same was true for regressions of estimated extent of occurrence on detectability across species within genera. Nevertheless, regressions of estimated area of occupancy on detectability across species within genera provided partial support for our hypothesis. We considered 3 possible explanations for this mixed outcome: violation of the assumption of no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability; the relationships between estimated geographic range size and detectability may be an artifact of a negative relationship between estimated area of occupancy and the sampling variance of detectability; detectability may have had 2 opposite effects on estimated species range sizes: one determines the proportion of the true range of a species documented by herbarium specimens and the other determines the distribution of true range size for the species actually observed with herbarium data. Our findings should help improve understanding of the potential biases incurred with the use of herbarium data. 相似文献
70.
An assertion deeply rooted in the ornithological literature holds that sex-specific mortality causes a sex ratio disparity
(SRD) between complete and incomplete broods. Complete broods are thought to reflect the primary sex ratio before any bias
introduced by developmental mortality. Contrary to this view, however, complete and incomplete broods should exhibit identical
sex ratio distributions even when the sexes experience differential mortality, as shown in the classic paper of Fiala (Am
Nat 115: 442–444, 1980). Therefore, in partially unsexed samples, primary sex ratio biases cannot be distinguished from biases
caused by differential mortality. In addition, complete broods do not represent primary sex ratio more accurately than incomplete
ones and might even be misleading. Despite Fiala’s prediction, SRD does occur in some empirical studies. We show that this
pattern could arise if (1) primary sex ratio affects chick mortality rates independently of sex (direct effect), (2) primary
sex ratio covaries with a variable that also affects mortality rate, or (3) sex differential mortality covaries with overall
mortality rate (indirect effects). Direct effects may cause stronger SRD than indirect ones with a smaller and opposite bias
in the overall sex ratio and could also lead to highly inconsistent covariate effects on brood sex ratios. These features
may help differentiate direct from indirect effects. Most interestingly, differences in covariate effects between complete
and incomplete broods imply that influential variables are missing from the analysis. 相似文献