浅述职业紧张对员工健康的影响及干预策略

随着医学模式从生物医学模式向生物—心理—社会医学模式的转变,心理社会因素对健康的影响日益加重。文章探讨职业紧张与健康的关系及其可能会给作业员工健康造成的损害和相关干预措施。得出:职业紧张对健康的影响是较长时间内过大的压力所表现出来的累积性反应,其发展过程是缓慢和渐进的,可能会出现高血压、冠心病、中风、睡眠障碍等症状,在日常工作中,有必要采取有针对性的干预措施,其最基本的办法是干预生产活动中的紧张因素,提高作业员工的控制和适应能力,最终达到良性循环。     

Occupational Safety and Health Status of Sanitation Workers in Urban Areas: A Pilot Study From Wuhan,China

Sanitation workers ‘ workload increases quickly with rapid urbanization, but there is almost no evidence or policy recommendations for their management in developing countries. This study describes the health status and occupational protection of sanitation workers; it also explores risk factors related to their health status in Wuhan City, China. Three hundred and eighty-five sanitation workers from 54 streets of Wuhan were surveyed. Their prevalence of 2-week illness and arthritis was relatively higher than in the general population in China. Findings related to occupational protection showed that both sanitation workers (users) and their managers (providers) neglected the role of low-cost protection measures, especially masks, soap/hand sani-tizer and prejob training (use rate of 7.27%, 26.75% and 43.64%, respectively). High-intensity workload was an important risk factor for 2-week illness, and prejob training was an important protective factor against arthritis.     

Sometimes less is more: Directed coping with interpersonal stressors at work

Within the coping literature, researchers have long been interested in identifying ways in which individuals can improve their coping efforts, making them more effective and thereby reducing the harmful effects of stressful encounters. Although Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model has greatly advanced understanding of the coping process, there continues to be methodological and conceptual challenges that have hindered understanding of the mechanisms behind effective coping. Addressing these issues in the use of a novel approach of analyzing variation in coping (i.e., directed coping) at both the coping event and person coping levels, the current study examined the process of coping with work stress and the beneficial coping outcomes associated with using a directed coping strategy. A total of 143 nurses completed up to 12 weekly surveys online, reporting on weekly stressful interpersonal conflicts and how they coped with them. Results from multilevel analyses supported predictions that greater directed coping at both the level of the coping event and person is associated with improvements in occupational health outcomes even after controlling for other coping factors. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to future research on coping effectiveness and workplace applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某油田海上油藏开发项目职业病危害预评价

对某油田海上油藏开发项目生产过程中可能存在的职业病危害因素进行识别、分析和评价,结果表明,该项目生产过程中产生的化学有害因素和物理因素检测结果均符合国家职业接触限值,在选址与总体布局、生产工艺及设备布局等方面基本符合卫生要求,在职业病防护设施、职业卫生专项经费、职业卫生管理等方面还不够完善,提出了补充措施和建议。     

某铝厂熔铸项目职业病危害控制效果评价

采用职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测、检查表分析法等方法对某铝厂熔铸项目存在的职业病危害进行了识别、分析,提出了职业病危害防护措施方面的建议。     

隧道工人的PM10职业暴露特征调查分析及其健康风险评价

针对隧道工人职业健康风险缺乏定量评价方法的现状,借鉴公共环境健康领域暴露评价模型对隧道施工PM10职业暴露的健康风险进行定量评价.设计职业暴露问卷对湖北麻竹高速公路某标段施工中的250名隧道工人进行了调查,并对现场PM10浓度水平进行了监测.结果表明,隧道工人的PM10暴露浓度水平相当高,开挖工、爆破工、支护工、出渣工、二衬工的PM10暴露浓度分别为限值的83倍、18倍、8倍、9倍和9倍;5个工种比较,二衬工日均暴露时间最长,达11.48 h·d-1,能量代谢率最高,达1 067.43 k J·(m2·h)-1,呼吸速率的计算结果显示除二衬工属于重度活动以外,其他4个工种均为中度活动;评价结果显示5个工种均存在健康风险,其中,PM10暴露浓度高是开挖工和爆破工危险系数高的主要原因,而二衬工危险系数高的原因则在于高劳动强度所致的较高的呼吸速率以及较高的日均暴露时间.降低隧道工人PM10健康风险可行的途径是通过配备合适劳动作业的呼吸防护用品从而降低PM10暴露浓度,另外可通过制定相应的职业规范设置合理的劳动年限从而减少持续暴露时间.     

某石化企业化验室职业健康危害现状与改进建议

通过查找某石化企业化验室因通风不良、整体布局不合理、设施配置不完善以及职业健康管理力度、深度不够等方面存在的问题,提出确保化验室分析人员身心健康的改进措施。     

企业突发职业中毒事故应急物资准备研究

应急物资准备是突发职业中毒事故应急救援成功的关键因素。而我国企业目前普遍存在应急物资和资源配备不足、应急救援装备落后、老化等现象,这严重影响了突发职业中毒事故应急救援工作的有效开展。为在突发事件发生时能快速响应,企业必须做好应急物资准备工作。国家也应根据应急工作的特点,结合法律法规方面有关问题进行规定,以便从制度化、标准化方面入手,指导和进一步规范企业进行应急资源的配备。该文根据企业应急物资准备中存在的主要问题,提出了企业在充分危险评估的基础上,科学合理进行应急物资准备。国家也应不断完善并制订相应的应急资源准备标准,以指导和加强企业突发职业中毒事故应急救援物资的准备。     

视屏显示终端对精神心理和神经行为的影响

本文进行了视屏显示终端(VDT)对操作人员精神心理和神经行为影响的调查研究。初步显示VDT作业可对操作人员造成情绪、感知、记忆、操作及复合功能诸多方面的不良影响。通过职业应激源的调查评价,显示VDT作业本身独特的作业性质、环境和要求形成了VDT作业的主要应激源。对从事VDT作业时间较长和作业负荷较大者则产生较高的职业性紧张度。从而说明VDT作业引起操作人员的某些心身疾患的可能性。     

Characterizing and Controlling Industrial Dust: A Case Study in Small Particle Measurement

Instrumentation used to measure characteristics of fine particles entrained in gas or suspended in aerosols provides information needed to develop valid regulations for emission sources and to support the design of control technologies. This case study offers a brief history of micromeritics, a term used by early researchers to describe the science of small particles, and the related invention of laboratory instruments for characterizing very fine particles. The historical view provides insights into the role that Progressive Era government agencies played in advancing esoteric science and applying this knowledge to the regulation of workplace air pollution. Micromeritics instrumentation developed in conjunction with federal research now has many commercial applications worldwide, with characterizing airborne pollutants only a minor one. However, the continuing advances in the micromeritics field provide important laboratory measurement capabilities to environmental research organizations, such as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).