基于多源数据融合的石油罐区安全监控模型

由于单一传感器在石油罐区安全监控中容易受到外界因素影响从而产生误差,为提高传感器检测结果的可靠性和罐区安全监控预警的准确性,基于多源数据融合技术,建立罐区安全状态预警模型。首先,介绍了多源数据融合技术的3个层级:数据级融合,特征级融合和决策级融合,以及目前各领域常见的数据融合方法;其次,建立了基于最优加权融合算法的一级融合模型和基于BP神经网络算法的二级融合模型;最后,得到石油罐区安全监控数据融合模型,并为进一步的实践应用打下了理论基础。     

变压器油池火燃烧规律的实验研究*

为对变压器油池火灾进行准确有效的灭火,研究不同尺寸和不同厚度下变压器油的火灾动力学特征和基本燃烧特性,具体分析变压器油的燃烧过程和变压器油燃烧速率、火焰温度以及辐射热流随油池直径以及厚度的变化规律。结果表明:整个油品的燃烧过程分为预热燃烧阶段、稳定燃烧阶段和火焰熄灭阶段。对于厚度大于10 mm的油池燃烧,稳定阶段的燃烧速率与油层厚度无关,稳定阶段的燃烧速率随着油池直径的增加而增加。同时,变压器油火灾连续火焰区温度接近750 ℃。对于稳定燃烧阶段下的变压器油燃烧,基于辐射通量可得出在燃烧过程中,辐射热量占总燃烧热的占比约为1/3。研究结果可丰富变压器油燃烧的基础数据,为变压器火灾的灭火提供参考。     

基于谐波沉降的管道力学分析*

为避免地面沉降引发的油气管道事故,研究沉降管道的力学特性,提出基于谐波沉降的管道力学评估方法。以中国石化某沉降管道为研究对象,通过现场测量的方法获得沉降区管道高程,利用傅里叶级数展开对不均匀沉降数据进行处理分析,获得管道谐波沉降的拟合函数。建立ANSYS有限元模型,采用土弹簧模型模拟非沉降区管道与土体相互作用关系,将谐波沉降作为位移载荷施加到沉降区管道,对含内压管道的沉降进行数值模拟,分析其应力、应变分布规律。结果表明:沉降与非沉降交界处管道应变及应力最大,基于应变的评估准则,管道运行状态为安全,为应急响应提供支撑。     

基于FA-BAS-ELM的海洋油气管道外腐蚀速率预测

为提高海洋油气管道外腐蚀速率预测的精度和效率,建立基于因子分析(FA)和天牛须搜索算法(BAS)的极限学习机(ELM)腐蚀速率预测模型。利用FA对影响因素数据集进行降维处理,确定预测模型的输入变量;建立ELM预测模型,并采用BAS对ELM模型的参数进行优化,避免参数取值随机性对模型预测性能的影响;以实海挂片试验为例,通过建模仿真评价模型的预测性能,并与其他模型进行对比分析。结果表明：FA-BAS-ELM预测模型的平均绝对误差(MAPE)仅为1.92%,决定系数R²高达0.994 9,相比于其他模型,该模型具有更优的预测性能。     

基于等级全息建模的输油泵机组风险根源辨识*

为“挖掘”输油泵机组风险根源,降低设备预知性维护难度,结合输油泵多准则风险评价,提出1种基于等级全息建模的输油泵机组风险根源辨识方法,运用等级全息建模方法将输油泵系统分解为泵体结构、管理因素、环境因素、操作因素、技术因素、运行因素、设备安装7个子系统进行定性和定量分析。结果表明:相比危险与可操作性分析（HAZOP）、事故树分析（FTA）等传统风险辨识方法,等级全息建模（HHM）对轴承等关键部件以及压力等运行参数的监测更为深入,能够有效辨识输油泵机组高风险情景,提升输油泵的风险辨识效率。     

采油厂HSE监督检查管理系统创建实践研究

本文根据采油厂生产过程风险特点,以生产单元为对象,通过建立全员参与的HSE监督检查体系,实现对采油厂HSE监督检查标准的统一规范,利用开发的HSE监督检查信息集成平台,创建完成采油厂HSE监督检查管理系统。在大庆油田第五采油厂的应用实践显示,其能为采油厂带来巨大的风险管理效益,是全面落实直线与属地HSE责任的有效载体。对于采油厂有效实施HSE监督检查具有重大意义,是HSE管理制度的一种创新。     

Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal of different metamorphic degrees based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system

Research on the micro- and macrocharacteristics of different metamorphic degrees of coal helps improve the control and protection techniques used during spontaneous combustion. Nine coals with different properties were thoroughly investigated in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a self-designed temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system were adopted to analyze the molecular structure and macrocharacteristic parameters of the spontaneous combustion of coal. Additionally, the influence of particle size on spontaneous combustion was considered. Various functional groups were employed as microcharacteristic parameters to capture the principal active groups in oxidation. The gas production rate, oxygen consumption rate, gas concentration, heat energy release rate, and characteristic temperatures were evaluated as macrocharacteristic parameters to investigate the changes in coal during oxidation. The results establish that the microcharacteristics of coal molecules determine the degree of spontaneous combustion based on intrinsic properties and that changes in the macrocharacteristics of the spontaneous combustion of coal reflect the microstructural changes. The contents of the hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, alkyl ether and aryl ether in the coal molecules gradually decrease with the metamorphic increase. Oxygen-containing functional groups have higher reactivities and easily react with oxygen, causing the macroparameters, such as the oxygen consumption rate, the gas generation rate and the heat energy release rate, to consistently decrease with the increase of the metamorphic degree. Small-particle-size coal molecules have more active aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing functional groups and a larger specific surface area, increasing the chances of adsorbing the oxygen of active groups and promoting the reaction between coal and oxygen. The experimental results indicate that coal samples with higher metamorphic degrees or larger sizes exhibit lower tendencies toward spontaneous combustion. Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion of coal based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system is of great practical importance for preventing the spontaneous combustion of coal during storage, processing and utilization and can serve as a convenient reference for production safety in mining applications.     

Effects of EGR,swirl augmentation techniques on combustion of biodiesel/ethanol and their blends in a diesel engine

The diminishing resources and continuously increasing cost of petroleum in association with their alarming pollution levels from diesel engines have caused an interest in finding alternative fuels to diesel which are renewable and sustainable. Emission control and engine efficiency are two most important parameters in current engine design. The impending introduction of emission standards such as Euro IV and Euro V is forcing the research towards developing new technologies for combating engine emissions. The classification of Euro IV and V norms is applicable to heavy-duty engines in Europe, where as Euro 5 is applicable to light-duty engines. This paper presents the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and its blends with ethanol in a diesel engine. From the experimental work conducted, it is found that the combustion of HOME plus up to 15% ethanol blend in a diesel engine operated with optimised parameters of injection timing 23° Before Top Dead Centre and compression ratio 17.5 results in acceptable combustion emissions and improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The addition of ethanol increased BTE with reduced hydrocarbons (HCs), CO and smoke emissions. However, NO _x emissions increased dramatically. Use of appropriate EGR reduces NO _x to acceptable levels. The implementation of swirl augmentation techniques further resulted in increased BTE and considerable reduction in tail pipe emissions such as smoke, HCs, CO and NO _x . The effect of swirl by providing grooves on the piston was taken into consideration to find the overall biodiesel engine performance, which gives scope for further studies.     

工业燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰的汞吸附特性

为探究燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰汞的吸附特性,利用固定床汞吸附装置,对立式煤粉沉降炉不同模拟烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附特性进行了研究,重点考察了烟气循环比例、煤种、关键燃烧气体组分等因素的影响.结果表明:①烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附能力明显优于非烟气循环工况（空气燃烧）条件下形成的飞灰,并且随烟气循环比例的增加,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.褐煤在净烟气循环比例为60%、40%、20%的条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附量分别是非烟气循环条件下的3.0、2.3和1.6倍.②烟气循环引起燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）与ρ（NO）的变化会影响飞灰的物化特性及其汞吸附性能.随燃烧氛围中ρ（SO₂）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量先增后减.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（NO）为803 mg/m3条件下,ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3时褐煤与烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高（分别为0.45和0.75 μg/g）,分别较ρ（SO₂）为1 428和4 286 mg/m3时提高了25%~300%和53%~78%.随燃烧氛围中ρ（NO）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3条件下,ρ（NO）为1 205 mg/m3时褐煤和烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高,分别较ρ（NO）为803和402 mg/m3时提高了1.2~3.6和1.1~1.6倍.③飞灰中UBC（未燃尽碳）、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃可促进飞灰对汞的吸附.与褐煤飞灰相比,烟煤飞灰表现出更优的汞吸附性能,与UBC、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃在飞灰中的含量存在一定的正相关性.研究显示,烟气循环方式下飞灰汞吸附特性发生明显变化,煤质的合理选择、烟气循环比例、循环气体成分及浓度参数的优化控制可显著改善燃煤锅炉烟气中汞的排放控制效果.