应用假单胞菌进行防蜡作用的研究

假单胞菌L－11菌体与其胞外产物可以作为一种很好的防蜡剂，对L－11的发酵条件进行了优化，确定了最适发酵培养基的配方，发酵培养基以葡萄糖、蛋白胨为其最适碳、氮源，防蜡剂生产的发酵条件为：前16h的发酵温度为35℃，后期将温度降至20℃，发酵液的pH=4．5为发酵终点，此时发酵液在内条件下的防蜡率为78％，将上述所得菌液在大庆油田做了防蜡实验，结果表明，注入L－11的油井洗井周期有所延长，实验证明了L－11的发酵液可以作为一种经济、有效的蜡剂。     

二硫代氨基甲酸盐型除油剂的性能研究

分别用二乙胺、乙二胺、三乙烯四胺与CS2 反应 ,合成了三种二硫代氨基甲酸盐 ,试验了其除油性能 .结果表明 ,三 ( 1 ,2 亚乙基 )四氨基四 (二硫代甲酸钠 )对含有一定量Fe2 + 的油田污水有较好的除油效果 .每升污水中加入 1 0mg除油剂 ,就能在1 5min内将污水中的油含量降至 1 0mg·l- 1.通过改变二硫代氨基甲酸盐的浓度、污水中Fe2 + 的浓度、搅拌速度、氨基的结构 ,发现多官能团的二硫代氨基甲酸盐 ,在较低的搅拌速度下 ,除油效果较好 .     

Benefits of trenching behavior in the context of an inducible defense

Summary. Many species of insects sabotage the pressurized defense vessels of their host plants prior to feeding. This behavior, however, does not render leaves indefinitely suitable, as some species employing this behavior eventually abandon uneaten portions of sabotaged leaves. In this study, we examined whether and to what degree wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, is capable of restoring its pressurized defenses and whether cabbage loopers, Trichoplusa ni, which normally trench parsnip leaflets, benefit from their trenching behavior. The pressurized oil tubes of parsnip leaves are rich in toxic terpenoids and furanocoumarins. A disruption of the integrity of the tubes (via razor blade nicks) in leaflets revealed that that some of their contents were expelled at the break and that some movement of oil from outside the leaflet (i.e., the midvein) occurred, bolstering furanocoumarin levels in the leaflet within minutes. Pressure and chemical content in a leaflet’s oil tubes were also shown to be restored within 24 hours of depressurization. This recovery ability allowed parsnip leaflets to respond to daily depressurizations by mechanical damage for up to at least 5 assaults, cumulatively causing an approximate ten-fold increase in furanocoumarins. Cabbage loopers fed parsnip leaflets that were artificially trenched accumulated twice as much body mass as larvae fed leaflets augmented with furanocoumarins equivalent to the quantity that would be avoided through trenching, indicating that trenching does benefit the herbivore. Although parsnip recovers from trenching rapidly, it does not do so within the time that cabbage loopers consume trenched leaflets     

城镇绿地对空气质量的影响--以中山市小榄镇为例

对中山市小榄镇公园、街道、居住区等不同地区的空气质量进行了测定．结果表明：公园、苗圃、金菊花园、镇府大院和小榄中学等绿化好、总绿量大的地带，CO2浓度[Ψ(CO2)／10^-6]和含菌量(n／m^-3)明显较低，负离子浓度明显较高；街道、新永路民居、商场、工厂、车站和果菜批发市场等绿化差、总绿量小的地带，Ψ(CO2)／10^-6和含菌量明显偏高，负离子浓度明显偏低．街道上空的Ψ(CO2)与车流量之间有极显著相关关系Ψ(CO2)与人流量之间相关关系不显著．     

The effects of different carbon sources on microbial mediation of arsenic in arsenic-contaminated sediment

Changes in speciation and mobility of As by indigenous bacteria in As-contaminated sediments (339 mg/kg) from an abandoned Au–Ag mine area in Korea were investigated after biostimulation with a variety of carbon sources, including acetate, lactate and glucose in batch experiments. Sequential extraction analysis designed to determine the form of As occurrence revealed that 40 and 47% of As were present in the sediment as Fe-associated and residual fractions, respectively. After 22-day incubation with acetate and lactate, the presence of indigenous bacteria increased the amount of total dissolved As from both Fe-associated and residual fractions in the sediment. More than 99% of dissolved As existed as As(V) in biotic slurries in contrast to sterile controls (less than 50% of total dissolved As), which indicated that indigenous bacteria transformed some dissolved As(III) to As(V). In real environments, depending on the pH, microbially-produced aqueous As(V) may be either immobilized through adsorption or reduced to As(III) after migration to the anoxic subsurface.     

表面活性剂对柴油在土壤中吸附的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究土壤对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的吸附行为,探讨表面活性剂对柴油吸附的影响.结果表明,土壤对LAS和CTAB的吸附等温线均为非线性,其吸附能力的大小顺序为:轻壤土>轻粘土>中壤土>砂壤土>重壤土>紧砂土.同一土壤中,CTAB的吸附量大于LAS的吸附量.LAS和CTAB均利于柴油在土壤表面的解吸,且LAS的解吸效果更好.柴油的吸附量随LAS浓度的升高而降低.当CTAB的浓度小于临界胶束浓度CMC时,吸附量随CTAB浓度的升高而升高,当CTAB的浓度等于或大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,吸附量随CTAB浓度的升高而降低.     

泥炭净化含油污水的技术和方法

泥炭比重小，重量轻，富含有机质，是一种吸附能力很强的吸油。本文通过大量试验论述了泥炭净化含油污水的实验条件和方法。结果表明，泥炭经热加工处理后，由原来的亲水性变成疏水性，在含油污水中实现吸油而不吸水；采用不同的净化方式效果不同，静态方式泥炭可吸附其自身重量的５－１０倍的油，动态吸油高达１０倍以上。藓类泥炭，草本泥炭及木本泥炭对油的吸附效果不同，分别可吸附油６Ｌ／ｋｇ－９．５Ｌ／ｋｇ，４Ｌ／ｋｇ－８     

Impacts of Roads and Hunting on Central African Rainforest Mammals

Abstract:  Road expansion and associated increases in hunting pressure are a rapidly growing threat to African tropical wildlife. In the rainforests of southern Gabon, we compared abundances of larger (>1 kg) mammal species at varying distances from forest roads and between hunted and unhunted treatments (comparing a 130-km² oil concession that was almost entirely protected from hunting with nearby areas outside the concession that had moderate hunting pressure). At each of 12 study sites that were evenly divided between hunted and unhunted areas, we established standardized 1-km transects at five distances (50, 300, 600, 900, and 1200 m) from an unpaved road, and then repeatedly surveyed mammals during the 2004 dry and wet seasons. Hunting had the greatest impact on duikers ( Cephalophus spp. ), forest buffalo ( Syncerus caffer nanus ), and red river hogs ( Potamochoerus porcus ), which declined in abundance outside the oil concession, and lesser effects on lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and carnivores. Roads depressed abundances of duikers, sitatungas ( Tragelaphus spekei gratus ), and forest elephants ( Loxondonta africana cyclotis ), with avoidance of roads being stronger outside than inside the concession. Five monkey species showed little response to roads or hunting, whereas some rodents and pangolins increased in abundance outside the concession, possibly in response to greater forest disturbance. Our findings suggest that even moderate hunting pressure can markedly alter the structure of mammal communities in central Africa. Roads had the greatest impacts on large and small ungulates, with the magnitude of road avoidance increasing with local hunting pressure.     

水环境中耐热大肠菌群的抗生素耐药性与质粒谱研究

用滤膜法、mFC培养基从5种水体中分离出疑似耐热大肠菌162株,用API微生物分析系统鉴定到种,以Kirby-Bauer法分析其对人畜常用10种抗生素的耐药性,碱裂解法小量制备各菌株质粒DNA做质粒谱分析.结果表明,埃希氏大肠杆菌为优势菌,占分离菌总数的96.3%.除分离自泉水的3株外,其它菌株都对3种及3种以上抗生素耐药,多重耐药率为98.1%.不同水体分离菌株对氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、链霉素的耐药率有显著性差异(P<0.005).92株菌(56.8%)提取到大小为0.90～158.83kb、数量为1～6个的质粒,有81种质粒谱型.70株(43.2%)未提取到质粒的细菌中有67株为多重耐药.具有相同质粒谱型的菌株耐药谱都不相同.未发现质粒谱与抗生素耐药性间有明显相关性.图1表3参15     

LAS、AE降解菌的筛选及降解效率的研究

以某合成洗涤剂厂曝气池活性污泥为菌种来源，表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）及脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AE）为唯一碳源进行选择培养，从中分离出5株降解LAS、AE能力强的菌株。根据各菌株菌体形态、染色反应和生理生化反应，分别对5菌株进行了菌种鉴定，并在不同的温度、pH值和供氧的情况下对5株菌株进行培养，研究菌株生长所适宜的环境条件。同时根据LAS、AE对水绵伤害实验，以生物监测的方法对菌株降解LAS、AE的效率进行了研究。