Removal of phenol by activated carbons prepared from palm oil mill effluent sludge

The study was attempted to produce activated carbons from palm oil mill effluent （POME） sludge. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced was evaluated in aqueous solution of phenol. Two types of activation were followed, namely, thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800%, and physical activation at 150% （boiling treatment）. A control （raw POME sludge） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced. The results indicated that the activation temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity by the activated carbon （POME 800） in aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon of POME 800. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values ofpH （2--3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200--300 mg/L）, The equilibrium data were fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The adsorption of phenol onto the activated carbon POME 800 was studied in terms of pseudo-first and second order kinetics to predict the rate constant and equilibrium capacity with the effect of initial phenol concentrations. The rate of adsorption was found to be better correlation for the pseudo-second order kinetics compared to the first order kinetics.     

铁路油罐车充装过程火灾爆炸危险性分析

铁路油罐车在成品油充装过程中,由于油品本身的易燃易爆特性以及静电等危险因素的作用,极易发生火灾爆炸事故. 通过对静电等危险因素产生的过程及原因进行分析,阐述了在充装工艺过程中,防止静电等危险有害因素产生的控制方法,并提出了在铁路油罐车成品油充装过程中,防止火灾爆炸事故发生的技术对策措施.     

石化生产污水深度处理试验研究

以某石化公司生产污水为原水,采用生化与物化处理相结合的主体工艺,研究了此工艺中各单元对有机污染物的去除效果,结果表明:当PAM用量为0.5 mg/L,加入PAC 20 mg/L,COD去除率为49.8%,臭氧氧化出水的CODCr没有明显降低,生物活性炭塔的使用可使COD去除率稳定在60%以上.废水经综合处理后COD总去除率可高于85%.因此,生化与物化相结合的生产工艺对于处理油田污水具有良好的前景.     

城市污水处理厂污泥直接热化学液化处理技术

污泥直接热化学液化技术是国外８０年代开始发展的一项污泥处理兼资源回收技术。它可使污泥中有机质的４０％以上转化为燃料油（热值≥３３ＭＪ／ｋｇ）,相应的有机碳转化率达到９０％左右。整个过程为一能量净输出过程。本文对其发展源流、研究现状和发展前景进行了综述和讨论。     

变压器油中多氯联苯的测定

着重研究变压器油中多氯联苯(PCBs)测定的样品前处理技术,确定了变压器油中PCBs分离的最佳条件,并应用GC/ECD测定PCBs总量.回收率在86％-110％之间,变异系数1％-3％.此外,采用GC/MS联用方法对变压器油中PCBs进行了定性分析.     

餐饮业油烟气中醛类化合物的荧光法测定

提出了餐饮业油烟气中醛类化合物的荧光测定方法。通过试验选择丙醇作为油烟气中醛类化合物的吸收剂。研究了Ｈａｎｔｚｓｃｈ反应在测定油烟气中醛类化合物时的反应条件。样品与荧光试剂等体积混合,在ｐＨ６．０的体系中,５７℃下反应１５ｍｉｎ。     

Air Pollution Zones and Harmful Pollution Levels of Alkaline Dust for Plants

For characterisation of landscapes in north-eastern Estoniaaffected by alkaline oil shale fly ash and cement dust the zonation-method based on average annual (C _y) and short-termconcentrations of pollutants in the air was used, as well as on deposition loads of dust and Ca²⁺. In the overground layer of atmosphere the zones with different air pollution loads were distinguished. A comparative analysis of pollution zones characteristics and biomonitoring data revealed that for sensitive lichen the dangerous level of alkaline dust in the air, introducingthe degradation of Sphagnum sp. at the level of C _y of dust 10–20 g m^-3 and at 0.5–1 hr maximums 100–150 g m^-3. For Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) this limited concentration (decline of growth parameters) of cement dust is correspondingly following: 30–50 g m^-3 and 150–500 g m^-3, in case of fly ash the limit level of C _y amounting 100 g m^-3. Daily deposition load of Ca²⁺ should not exceed approximately 4.5–15 mg m^-2 for lichen; for conifers the harmful pollution load is higher – >22 mg m^-2.     

Bio-herbicidal effects of five essential oils on germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.)

The evaluation of the inhibition effect exerted by the essential oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum), sage (Salvia officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) on seeds germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) weed was examined in a laboratory bioassay. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography coupled with both mass spectrometry and flame ionization detector. The working solutions of essential oil emulsified with Tween 20 and dissolved in distilled water were prepared at three concentration levels (0.01%, 0.1% and 1%, vol/vol). The results obtained showed that increase of essential oil concentration leads to decrease of seed germination, shoot and radical length of velvetleaf. The obtained data revealed a highly significant effect (P?<?0.05) between control and 1% and 0.1% oil concentrations in all treatments. The essential oils of basil, thyme and lemon balm exhibited more powerful bio-herbicidal effect compared to sage and goldenrod essential oils on the germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf weed.     

大型油罐火灾爆炸危害范围研究

针对大型油罐火灾爆炸对人员伤亡危害范围的问题,采用PHAST软件模拟定量分析了外部环境（风速、大气稳定度、空气湿度）、初始条件（泄漏点离地高度、泄漏孔直径）和其他因素（防火堤面积）对火灾爆炸伤亡半径的影响,根据模拟结果拟合了外部环境和初始条件与池火灾和蒸气云爆炸危害范围的关系式。结果表明:在相同条件下,软件模拟与实验结果误差较小,该研究具有可信性;池火灾危害范围随风速、泄漏点离地高度、泄漏孔当量直径和防火堤面积的增加而增加,而与大气稳定度的关系不大;蒸气云爆炸危害范围随风速的增加而降低,随大气稳定度和泄漏孔当量直径的增加而增加,而与泄漏点离地高度和空气湿度影响不大;拟合得到的外部环境和初始条件与池火灾和蒸气云爆炸危害范围的关系式可为大型油罐火灾爆炸事故中相关作业人员的应急撤离提供决策参考。     

负载金属改性活性炭纤维的脱硫性能

采用浸渍法将金属负载到活性炭纤维(ACF)上对其进行改性,研究了负载金属改性ACF对模型油(二苯并噻吩-正辛烷)的吸附脱硫效果,对比了不同单金属和复合金属盐改性ACF的脱硫性能。实验结果表明:Ag和Zn复合改性的ACF具有最好的脱硫性能;在吸附温度为40℃,吸附时间为2.5 h,油剂质量比为21.5的优化条件下,脱硫率高达97.55%,且具有良好的重复利用性。