油气田开发中硫化氢产生机理和防治研究

文章概括总结了油气田开发生产中硫化氢的产生机理,论述了防治硫化氢的化学法、生物法和物理法,指出了油气田开发中硫化氢防治工作目前所存在的问题及今后的发展方向。提出加强现有各种方法的综合运用、开发新的防治方法,以及硫化氢防治措施的成套化、规范化、安全化是今后硫化氢防治工作的重要发展方向。     

Oil-Induced environmental Kuznets curve in organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC)

This study investigates the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in 10 of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). To realize the study’s aims a time series model is built based on the period 1977–2008, utilizing the ecological footprint as an environmental indicator and income, labour, capital, oil consumption and oil price as economic indicators. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, by comparing the short and long-run income elasticities, the EKC hypothesis is present in six OPEC countries namely Algeria, Iraq, Venezuela, Nigeria, Qatar and Kuwait. Moreover, the Toda–Yamamoto–Dolado–Lütkepohl (TYDL) causality tests outcome show that, after oil consumption, the most significant factors in increasing ecological footprint are labor and capital. This implies the relocation of pollution intensive industries to almost all of the OPEC countries. However, oil prices reduce environmental damage by its negative effect on the ecological footprint. From the outcome of this study it is important for the investigated countries to reduce their consumption of fossil fuel energy since it represents an important source of pollution. This can be achieved by allocating more labor and capital in projects and investments on renewable energy, energy efficiency and energy saving.     

Experimental investigation on engine performances,combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases of VCR engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester blended with diesel

This research work investigates the engine performances, combustion characteristics, and emission of exhaust gases of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and diesel at different blends. The analysis showed that heat release rate and cylinder pressure is higher for diesel than COME blends. Higher BTE is obtained at the maximum load condition. The higher BTE and lower SFC are obtained for blend B15 as 42.17% and 0.2 kg/kW-hr at brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 4.64 bar. Also it is found that the peak cylinder gas pressure and combustion duration increases when the BMEP increases. At the BMEP of 3.51 bar, higher HRR is observed as 18.12 J/deg. Increase in HRR is obtained as 6.07% for B30 at BMEP of 4.64 bar when compared to diesel. Ignition delay decreased by 13.16% for B100, by the increment of blend proportions when compared to diesel, at BMEP of 4.64 bar. Lower smoke, HC and CO emissions are observed when increasing the blend proportions, whereas the nitric oxide emissions increases due to the better combustion resulted in higher temperatures. At BMEP of 4.64 bar, the CO emissions are reduced to 25.24% for neat biodiesel when compared with the diesel.     

Biodiesel production from a free fatty acid containing Karanja oil by a single-step heterogeneously catalyzed process

Karanja oil, containing 6.2% free fatty acids (FFAs), was considered for biodiesel production using a single-step solid-phase acid catalyzed process. Different types of zeolites and Amberlyst15 catalysts were tested and biodiesel was produced. Under similar conditions, the highest biodiesel yield was achieved using an Amberlyst15 catalyst, which contained 3–5% of moisture. The effects of operating parameters of the reaction such as reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and methanol-to-oil ratio were studied. An increase of methanol:oil ratio revealed a non-monotonic increase in biodiesel yields. Similar non-monotonic behavior was observed when Jatropha oil was used. Leaching and catalyst reusability were also considered. No significant effects of leaching were observed and catalyst reusability appeared to be affected by methanol interactions. The presence of a co-solvent, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), increased the biodiesel yield. Furthermore, an optimum amount of THF (THF:methanol volume ratio of 1:2) gave rise to the highest biodiesel yield. A biodiesel yield of 93% was achieved at 120 °C using a single-step process with Amberlyst15 as a catalyst, THF as a co-solvent, and a methanol:oil ratio of 30:1.     

Effects of thermal barrier coating on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste frying cottonseed oil and ultra-low sulfur diesel

In this study, the top surfaces of piston and valves of a four-strokes and direct-injection diesel engine have been coated—with no change in the compression ratio—with a 100 μm of NiCrAl lining layer via plasma spray method and this layer has later been coated with main coating material with a mixture of 88% of ZrO₂, 4% of MgO and 8% of Al₂O₃ (400 μm). Then, after the engine-coating process, ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) as base fuels and its blend with used frying cottonseed oil derived biodiesel in proportion of 20%, volumetrically, have been tested in the coated engine and data of combustion and performance characteristics on full load and at different speeds have been noted. The results, which were compared with those obtained by uncoated-engine operation, showed that thermal efficiency increased, and engine noise reduced. Cylinder gas pressure values obtained from the diesel engine which has been coated with thermal barriers have been found to be somewhat higher than those of the uncoated-engine. Also, maximum pressure values measured in both engines and under the same experimental conditions through the use of test fuel have been obtained after TDC. Moreover, heat release rate and heat release have occurred earlier in the coated-engine. NOx emissions were increased while CO and HC emissions were remained almost the same with a little bit decrease.     

Selection of optimum fish oil fuel blend to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in an IC engine—A hybrid multiple criteria decision aid approach

The increasing demand on energy due to population growth and rising of living standards has led to considerable use of fossil fuels which has in turn, had an adverse impact on environmental pollution and depletion of fossil fuels in Internal Combustion (IC) engine sector. Alternative fuel blend evaluation in IC engine fuel technologies is a very important strategic decision involving decisions balancing within a number of criteria and opinions from different decision maker of IC engine experts. The selection of appropriate source of biodiesel and proper blending of biodiesel plays a major role in alternate energy production. This paper describes an application of hybrid Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique for the selection of optimum biodiesel blend in the IC engine. The proposed model, Analytical Network Process (ANP) is integrated with Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate the optimum blend. Here the ANP is used to determine the relative weights of the criteria, whereas TOPSIS is used for obtaining the final ranking of alternative blends. An efficient pair-wise comparison process and ranking of alternatives can be achieved for optimum blend selection through the integration of ANP and TOPSIS. The obtained preference order for the blends are as B20 > B40 > Diesel > B60 > B80 > B100. This paper highlights a new insight into MCDM techniques to evaluate the best fuel blend for the decision makers such as engine manufactures and R&D engineers to meet the fuel economy and emission norms to empower the green revolution.     

油气管道穿越水体工程环境影响及措施分析

文章分析了油气管道穿越敏感河流的主要方式及其环境影响。在此基础上,针对环境影响最大的大开挖方式,介绍了国内、国际主要环境保护措施。最后提出了改进我国管道穿越河流施工的若干建议。     

Evidence of hydrocarbon contamination from the Burgan oil field, Kuwait: interpretations from thermal remote sensing data

The paper presents the application of thermal remote sensing for mapping hydrocarbon polluted sites. This has been achieved by mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) measurements, using multi-date band 6 data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The emissivity, transmittance and mean atmospheric temperature were used as critical factors to estimate LST. The changes in the surface emissivity due to oil pollution alter the apparent temperature, which was used as a recognition element to map out oil polluted surfaces. The LST contrast was successfully used to map spatial distribution of hydrocarbon pollution in the Burgan Oil field area of Kuwait. The methodology can be positively used to detect waste dumping, oil spills in oceans and ports, besides environmental management of oil pollution at or near the land surface.     

废润滑油絮凝脱色试验研究

废润滑油的回收再生利用不仅可以节约石油资源,而且是防治废润滑油污染、保护环境的主要措施.针对有污染的传统酸-白土废润滑油再生工艺,提出了以絮凝为主的无污染再生新技术,重点考察了影响废润滑油脱色再生效率的各种因素.结果表明,在絮凝剂用量为1.2%(体积分数)、搅拌时间为5 min、反应温度为75℃、沉降温度为80℃、沉降时间为2.0 h的条件下,废润滑油絮凝脱色效果最佳.废润滑油经过絮凝脱色和白土精制后理化指标得到了较大改善,基本接近该级别新油SC40的标准.     

蓖麻油衍生微乳液对菲的增溶和洗脱作用及其对菲污染土壤的修复机理

比较研究了蓖麻油硫酸盐(SCOS)与普通表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX100)、Tween 80(TW80)、Brij35、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)等对菲的增溶和洗脱作用.结果表明,菲表观溶解度与SCOS的浓度呈单一线性关系,SCOS微乳液对菲的增溶比SR=0.0314为最大,菲在微乳相和水相之间的分配系数logKem=4.44,大于菲在胶束相和水相之间的分配系数(logKmc).1:10土-水体系下,SCOS微乳液对菲污染土壤的清洗速率最快,清洗效率最高.SCOS有望成为土壤有机污染淋洗修复的增效试剂.