用废旧电路板热解油制备酚醛树脂

在碳酸钙存在下,采用热解技术将废旧电路板中的树脂转化为富含酚的热解油,然后直接加入甲醛溶液反应制备热解油型酚醛树脂,实现了废旧电路板中树脂的再生,酚醛树脂的性能结构类似于氨催化的酚醛树脂。实验结果表明：在n（甲醛）：n（热解油）为1．8～2．1的条件下,无需外加催化剂,在60,80,90℃下分别反应30min制备的热解油型酚醛树脂的性能最佳,且可满足GB／T14732—93《木材工业胶黏剂用脲醛、酚醛、三氧氰胺甲醛树脂》中层压材料用酚醛树脂产品的相关标准。     

Evidence of hydrocarbon contamination from the Burgan oil field, Kuwait: interpretations from thermal remote sensing data

The paper presents the application of thermal remote sensing for mapping hydrocarbon polluted sites. This has been achieved by mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) measurements, using multi-date band 6 data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The emissivity, transmittance and mean atmospheric temperature were used as critical factors to estimate LST. The changes in the surface emissivity due to oil pollution alter the apparent temperature, which was used as a recognition element to map out oil polluted surfaces. The LST contrast was successfully used to map spatial distribution of hydrocarbon pollution in the Burgan Oil field area of Kuwait. The methodology can be positively used to detect waste dumping, oil spills in oceans and ports, besides environmental management of oil pollution at or near the land surface.     

油气管道穿越水体工程环境影响及措施分析

文章分析了油气管道穿越敏感河流的主要方式及其环境影响。在此基础上,针对环境影响最大的大开挖方式,介绍了国内、国际主要环境保护措施。最后提出了改进我国管道穿越河流施工的若干建议。     

油气田开发中硫化氢产生机理和防治研究

文章概括总结了油气田开发生产中硫化氢的产生机理,论述了防治硫化氢的化学法、生物法和物理法,指出了油气田开发中硫化氢防治工作目前所存在的问题及今后的发展方向。提出加强现有各种方法的综合运用、开发新的防治方法,以及硫化氢防治措施的成套化、规范化、安全化是今后硫化氢防治工作的重要发展方向。     

生态环境脆弱地区油气田开发生态保护措施探讨

我国许多油气田处于生态环境脆弱地区,石油开采以及油气集输、储运等工程对生态环境的影响非常突出。文章依据生态保护的原则提出了油气田开发规划、设计、施工以及施工后几个阶段应当采取的生态保护措施,同时还提出了施工结束后的一些生态恢复措施,以供借鉴。     

Effects of Water Withdrawal From Ice‐Covered Lakes on Oxygen,Temperature, and Fish1

Abstract: In northern regions, large volumes of water are needed for activities such as winter road construction. Such withdrawals, particularly from small lakes, can reduce oxygen concentrations and water levels, potentially affecting aquatic organisms. Withdrawal limits have been developed by regulatory agencies, but are largely theoretical. Water withdrawal thresholds were tested in two small lakes by removing 10% and 20% of their respective under‐ice volumes and comparing oxygen parameters, temperature, over‐wintering habitat, and northern pike (Esox lucius) abundance to reference conditions. Because of a milder winter, oxygen parameters were elevated in reference lakes in the period following withdrawal compared to the prewithdrawal period. The 10% withdrawal resulted in a ?0.2 m shift in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l in that lake, but had no effect on total volume‐weighted oxygen, or volume of over‐wintering habitat. In contrast, the 20% withdrawal caused 0.7 m reduction in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l compared to the previous year, a 26% decline in the volume‐weighted oxygen concentration, and a 23% reduction in the volume of over‐wintering habitat compared to prewithdrawal conditions. Water temperatures were slightly (≤ 10%) colder in the upper strata in the year following the withdrawal in both withdrawal and reference lakes. Northern pike abundance was not impacted by water withdrawals in either of the lakes. The results of this study show that the effects of water withdrawal on the parameters investigated reflected the characteristics of the lakes, and would therefore be expected to vary from lake to lake. Policy development to mitigate impacts must therefore reflect the site‐specific nature of water withdrawal.     

Intermediate storage of carbon dioxide in geological formations: A technical perspective

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) through CO₂ flooding has been practiced on a commercial basis for the last 35 years and continues today at several sites, currently injecting in total over 30 million tons of CO₂ annually. This practice is currently exclusively for economic gain, but can potentially contribute to the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases provided it is implemented on a large scale. Optimal operations in distributing CO₂ to CO₂-EOR or enhanced gas recovery (EGR) projects (referred to here collectively as CO₂-EHR) on a large scale and long time span imply that intermediate storage of CO₂ in geological formations may be a key component. Intermediate storage is defined as the storage of CO₂ in geological media for a limited time span such that the CO₂ can be sufficiently reproduced for later use in CO₂-EHR. This paper investigates the technical aspects, key individual parameters and possibilities of intermediate storage of CO₂ in geological formations aiming at large scale implementation of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) for deep emission reduction. The main parameters are thus the depth of injection and density, CO₂ flow and transport processes, storage mechanisms, reservoir heterogeneity, the presence of impurities, the type of the reservoirs and the duration of intermediate storage. Structural traps with no flow of formation water combined with proper injection planning such as gas-phase injection favour intermediate storage in deep saline aquifers. In depleted oil and gas fields, high permeability, homogeneous reservoirs with structural traps (e.g. anticlinal structures) are good candidates for intermediate CO₂ storage. Intuitively, depleted natural gas reservoirs can be potential candidates for intermediate storage of carbon dioxide due to similarity in storage characteristics.     

海洋石油开发周边海域重金属锌的时空分布特征研究

海洋石油开发过程中重金属锌对海洋的影响日益受到关注。依据曹妃甸油田群海域2010—2018年长期海洋环境监测数据,采用克里金插值法和Hakanson生态风险指数法,分析了海域重金属锌的变化趋势、时空分布特征和潜在生态风险,探讨了可能来源并提出减缓措施。结果表明：研究海域海水水质锌呈现先降低后升高的趋势,平均含量2010年5月最高。2010年5月沉积物锌含量为(44.9±14.3)×10^-6低于渤海表层沉积物锌含量背景值(67.6±17.0)×10^-6。各期监测结果显示,油田区域未形成明显锌高值区。陆源排污、河流入海携带、航运、大气湿沉降等是研究海域重金属锌的重要来源。     

废润滑油絮凝脱色试验研究

废润滑油的回收再生利用不仅可以节约石油资源,而且是防治废润滑油污染、保护环境的主要措施.针对有污染的传统酸-白土废润滑油再生工艺,提出了以絮凝为主的无污染再生新技术,重点考察了影响废润滑油脱色再生效率的各种因素.结果表明,在絮凝剂用量为1.2%(体积分数)、搅拌时间为5 min、反应温度为75℃、沉降温度为80℃、沉降时间为2.0 h的条件下,废润滑油絮凝脱色效果最佳.废润滑油经过絮凝脱色和白土精制后理化指标得到了较大改善,基本接近该级别新油SC40的标准.     

碱性催化剂对农业废物液化产生生物油和气体的影响

采用热化学处理法对农业废物玉米秸秆和苹果渣进行处理,3种碱性物质Na2CO3、K2CO3和KOH作为催化剂,都能不同程度提高液化生物油收率、减少固体残渣收率.但碱性催化剂会降低气体收率,因而不适合作为以获得气体产物为目的的生物质气化试验的催化剂.就增加液化生物油收率方面而言,Na2CO3的催化效果最好,KOH催化效果次之,K2CO3的催化效果最差.