地下水化学成分对植物油改性纳米铁还原硝基苯影响

研究了不同地下水化学成分(pH值、Ca2+、Fe2+、Cl-、SO42-)对VOMNI降解硝基苯(NB)的影响.结果表明,经乳化油改性后,纳米铁团聚现象得到改善,分散性提高;VOMNI对硝基苯的还原过程符合一级反应动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.0783min-1;酸性条件下更有利于硝基苯的降解和苯胺的生成;钙硬度对VOMNI还原硝基苯有抑制作用;Fe2+、SO42-、Cl-对硝基苯的降解和苯胺的生成有一定的促进作用.     

石油水溶性成分对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育及种群动态的影响

溢油污染对近岸生态系统的平衡与稳定危害极大。本研究以石油水溶性成分(water-accommodated fraction,WAF)为目标,研究其对海洋浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育和种群动态变化的影响,以期为阐明或评估海洋溢油污染的潜在威胁提供依据。研究结果表明,(1) WAF抑制褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增长,随着胁迫时间的延长抑制作用不断增强,呈现显著剂量-毒性效应的正相关,其48、72和96 h的半数有效抑制浓度(EC_(50))分别为5.42、4.81和4.39 mg·L~(-1)。(2)WAF能显著影响褶皱臂尾轮虫的生殖和发育过程,缩短轮虫的平均寿命和生殖周期,使得进入生殖期的时间滞后,个体发育延迟;基于生命表的研究发现,其内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)、净生殖率(R_0)和生命期望(E_0)显著降低,世代周期(T)延长,其中r_m、λ和R_0变化较其他指标明显,可作为灵敏指示褶皱臂尾轮虫响应WAF胁迫的指示指标。     

Effects of stricter environmental regulations on resource development

This analysis seeks to understand whether changes in oil regulation brought about by the shale revolution have restricted the pace of drilling and production. This hypothesis is tested using data on North Dakota and Montana both before and after North Dakota increased regulations that raise fixed costs. Results generally find that the new regulations had no statistical impact on the pace of drilling and production, however it is found that smaller operators reduced their production and exited. These results are instructive for policymakers who weigh the loss of economic welfare against improved environmental quality when deciding on new regulations.     

Membrane-based treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater: The current state of knowledge

• Shale oil and gas production generates wastewater with complex composition. • Membrane technologies emerged for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. • Membrane technologies should tolerate high TDS and consume low primary energy. • Pretreatment is a key component of integrated wastewater treatment systems. • Full-scale implementation of membrane technologies is highly desirable. Shale oil and gas exploitation not only consumes substantial amounts of freshwater but also generates large quantities of hazardous wastewater. Tremendous research efforts have been invested in developing membrane-based technologies for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. Despite their success at the laboratory scale, membrane processes have not been implemented at full scale in the oil and gas fields. In this article, we analyze the growing demands of wastewater treatment in shale oil and gas production, and then critically review the current stage of membrane technologies applied to the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. We focus on the unique niche of those technologies due to their advantages and limitations, and use mechanical vapor compression as the benchmark for comparison. We also highlight the importance of pretreatment as a key component of integrated treatment trains, in order to improve the performance of downstream membrane processes and water product quality. We emphasize the lack of sufficient efforts to scale up existing membrane technologies, and suggest that a stronger collaboration between academia and industry is of paramount importance to translate membrane technologies developed in the laboratory to the practical applications by the shale oil and gas industry.     

无氧卸装催化剂危害因素分析及安全预防措施

为防止重油加氢装置无氧卸装催化剂时事故的发生,针对主要施工作业环节进行了危害因素分析,并提出了安全预防措施.     

新型硫化氢探测防护系统及其应用

介绍了硫化氢探测系统和防护系统的组成和原理．重点介绍了硫化氢的探测报警、防护功能,易于安装、拆卸的特点以度现场使用情况。建议在油气田勘探开发中推广使用。     

燃烧油品的沸溢特性分析研究

分析了油罐火灾中燃烧油品的沸溢现象,阐述了沸溢发生的条件,研究了沸溢时火焰的热辐射强度,研究表明沸溢时火焰温度平均升高300℃左右,火焰平均热辐射强度是沸溢发生前的2.5～3倍.     

氮化油管工艺危害识别及液氨槽事故树分析

对氮化油管工艺和设备存在的问题进行了危险分析,用事故树分析了液氨槽的爆炸危险性,并提出安全对策。     

Landscape disturbance caused by non-renewable energy production in a semi-arid region: a case study on the Russian steppe

Exploration and development of oil and gas (O&G) energy resources can create large-scale and permanent landscape effects that are best measured and understood via fieldwork and geospatial technologies. In this article, we examine O&G surface disturbance in the Orenburg steppe region of southwestern Russia for the year 2015. Utilizing field surveys, remote-sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we apply a two-pronged approach. First, we map and measure the landscape infrastructure footprint (LIF) to determine the pattern and extent of direct surface disturbance created by O&G facilities and access roads. Second, we conduct a site suitability analysis to identify specific O&G production locations that are most vulnerable to environmental degradation. The approach considers both the particular properties of hydrocarbon production and specific natural features of steppe zones. Suitability patterns represent three indicators: two morphometric parameters (slope and aspect) and one spatial (the remoteness of O&G objects from water bodies). Our findings suggest that O&G production disturbs just over 3% of soil-vegetation cover in our study plot, while more than 13% of O&G objects are located in unsuitable zones based on topographic aspect, and about 11% lie in unsuitable zones regarding distance to water.     

聚二乙烯基苯功能化纺织布用于快速油水分离的研究

面对日趋严重的海洋漏油事故及工业含油废水排放问题,本研究提出了一种基于聚二乙烯基苯（PDVB）的超疏水纺织布制备方法,将二乙烯基苯单体在纺织布纤维上聚合生长,形成超疏水涂层,用于快速油水分离.结果表明,制备的纺织布具有优异的超疏水性,水接触角为155°,对不同油/水混合物的分离效率均高于97%,渗透通量达3077 L·m^-2·h^-1.在砂纸磨损40次、超声处理60 min和不同溶剂浸泡实验中依旧维持超疏水性.研究表明,该超疏水纺织布的制备方法高效、简单、环保、成本低,适合大规模生产,所制备的超疏水超亲油的纺织布是用于溢油清理和工业含油废水处理的非常有前途的材料.