Indigenous people and mineral taxation regimes

Indigenous people in a number of major mineral-producing countries have established a substantial and growing capacity to tax mineral resources extracted from their traditional lands. However, almost no analysis has been conducted regarding the conceptual and practical issues involved in designing mineral taxation regimes for use by indigenous people. The general literature on mineral taxation is of limited relevance because basic assumptions it makes regarding the nature of the taxing authority (national or state governments) do not apply to indigenous peoples. This article discusses some key characteristics of indigenous communities as they relate to taxation of mineral resources. Against this background, it identifies a number of approaches to mineral taxation which might be utilized by indigenous groups and which acknowledge the specific constraints and circumstances they face while at the same time recognizing their need to attract and maintain investment on their traditional lands. It also reviews the inter-relationship between indigenous and state or governmental tax regimes.     

云南澜沧地区拉祜族老人头发中6种微量元素水平调查

用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP－AES）测定了60例世居澜沧地区拉祜族老人发样中6种微量元素，根据测定结果，比较了不同年龄段间微量元素的差异，并与北京西城区长寿老人发样中微量元素含量进行了比较。结果表明，2个地区老人发样中的Mn,Al存在显著性差异。     

机动车尾气的产生及对人群健康的影响和防治对策

较详细的介绍了机动车燃料和尾气的关系，全面论述了尾气中主要污染物对人体健康的危害，并对防治尾气的污染提出了建议。     

论时政环节在"两课"教学中的重要作用

“两课”教学中的时政环节为“两课”教学走出困境提供了现实可能性。它在培养学生的辩证思维方式,增强学生的时代责任感和历史使命感,促进学生正确价值观的形成以及导入新课,提高学生自信心和活跃“两课”课堂气氛等方面都起到了积极的推动作用。可以说,时政教学是增强“两课”教学时代性和感召力的重要环节。     

常州市老城区水体有机污染分布特征及原因初探

为了老城区河道的合理整治,采用总有机碳（TOC）分析仪对常州市老城区3条河流及区域内浅层地下水的14个采样点水样进行3个月的总有机碳含量检测。老城区水环境受到不同程度的有机污染,某些地下水的TOC含量高于地表水,原因为地表水补给地下水,且老城区水体污染源主要来源于周边地区的生活污水,并受到关河、雨水等的影响,这为常州市老城区水污染治理提供了依据。     

爆破对璐简王陵古建筑群的震害影响

璐简王陵及其古建筑群已有400余年的历史,虽然数次毁于兵燹,但至今仍然保存有大量完整的建筑物,然而,方面军些陵墓及建筑物近期却出现了数十处开裂、崩塌和倾斜等破坏,经过认真的野外勘察、分析和研究,认为破坏不是地震缝和断层活动所致,而是与凤凰山、峙山采石场持续不断的近距离爆破震动有关,经鉴定,大爆破造成的破坏烈度可达Ⅳ-Ⅴ度,每次大爆破都相当于一次地震,采石爆破给璐简王陵和古建筑带来了致命的影响和破坏。     

Monitoring of Radiation-Exposed People Close to Mayak Nuclear Facility in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russia) Using Different Biodosimetric Methods

Between 1949 and 1957 Mayak Nuclear Facility locatedin the Chelyabinsk region released some discharges ofradiochemical production wastes into the Techa Riverand Lake Karachay which resulted in an extensivecontamination of large territories with long-livedradionuclides such as ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, and²³⁹Pu. Between 1994 and 1996 the research teamof Siberian Medical University conducted thechromosome analysis and the electron-spin resonance(ESR) spectrometry of tooth enamel in theradiation-exposed inhabitants of four settlements inthe Techa River region. We observed significantlyincreased levels of chromosome aberrations in theradiation-exposed inhabitants as compared to thecontrols. The ESR signal intensity and the chromosomeaberration frequency in lymphocytes of the toothdonors showed a good correlation. Moreover, therewas a good correlation between the level ofwhole-body ¹³⁷Cs activity detected by awhole-body radiation counter and the frequency ofchromosome aberrations among the radiation-exposed inhabitants. The data showed that 15% of theinhabitants of the Muslyumovo settlement received aradiation dose exceeding 100 cGy. The frequency ofchromosome abnormalities reached its peak in thepersons born between 1949 and 1957. We suppose thatradionuclides incorporated in the body are responsiblefor the chromosome aberrations in the inhabitants.     

UASB启动及不同HRT对老龄垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响

在UASB反应器中接种好氧污泥培养厌氧颗粒污泥进行启动,研究不同HRT对老龄(13年)垃圾渗滤液对处理效果的影响情况。通过保持进水COD浓度不变、逐步缩短HRT从而提高容积负荷到40 g COD/(L.d)的方法,可以培育出直径为1～3 mm颗粒污泥,最终产气量稳定在100 L/d,甲烷含量在60%～70%之间,COD去除率保持在90%左右,污泥层最底部MLSS为81 g/L。逐步提高HRT依次为6、12、24、48和72 h考察其对处理效果的影响,当HRT为24 h时处理效果最好,COD去除率最高达到35%左右。     

浅论“以新带老”在技改扩建项目环境影响评价中的运用

以氮肥厂为例，提出对以新带老在环境影响评价中的一些认识，并提供如何在化工类技改扩建项目环境影响评价中开展以新带老的方法和思路。     

A meta‐analysis of functional group responses to forest recovery outside of the tropics

Both active and passive forest restoration schemes are used in degraded landscapes across the world to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem service provision. Restoration is increasingly also being implemented in biodiversity offset schemes as compensation for loss of natural habitat to anthropogenic development. This has raised concerns about the value of replacing old‐growth forest with plantations, motivating research on biodiversity recovery as forest stands age. Functional diversity is now advocated as a key metric for restoration success, yet it has received little analytical attention to date. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 90 studies that measured differences in species richness for functional groups of fungi, lichens, and beetles between old‐growth control and planted or secondary treatment forests in temperate, boreal, and Mediterranean regions. We identified functional‐group–specific relationships in the response of species richness to stand age after forest disturbance. Ectomycorrhizal fungi averaged 90 years for recovery to old‐growth values (between 45 years and unrecoverable at 95% prediction limits), and epiphytic lichens took 180 years to reach 90% of old‐growth values (between 140 years and never for recovery to old‐growth values at 95% prediction limits). Non‐saproxylic beetle richness, in contrast, decreased as stand age of broadleaved forests increased. The slow recovery by some functional groups essential to ecosystem functioning makes old‐growth forest an effectively irreplaceable biodiversity resource that should be exempt from biodiversity offsetting initiatives.