Book Reviews

Nabeel Hamdi (ed.), Educating for Real: The Training of Professionals For Development Practice
Olav Slaymaker (ed.), Geomorphic Hazards
Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genicide
Robert Chambers, Whose Reality Counts Putting the First Last     

An Australian perspective on rewilding

Rewilding is increasingly recognized as a conservation tool but is often context specific, which inhibits broad application. Rewilding in Australia seeks to enhance ecosystem function and promote self-sustaining ecosystems. An absence of large-bodied native herbivores means trophic rewilding in mainland Australia has focused on the restoration of functions provided by apex predators and small mammals. Because of the pervasive influence of introduced mesopredators, predator-proof fences, and establishment of populations on predator-free islands are common rewilding approaches. This sets Australian rewilding apart from most jurisdictions and provides globally relevant insights but presents challenges to restoring function to broader landscapes. Passive rewilding is of limited utility in arid zones. Although increasing habitat extent and quality in mesic coastal areas may work, it will likely be necessary to undertake active management. Because much of Australia's population is in urban areas, rewilding efforts must include urban areas to maximize effectiveness. Thus rewilding is not synonymous with wilderness and can occur over multiple scales. Rewilding efforts must recognize human effects on other species and benefit both nature and humans. Rewilding in Australia requires development of a shared vision and strategy and proof-of-concept projects to demonstrate the benefits. The repackaging of existing conservation activities as rewilding may confuse and undermine the success of rewilding programs and should be avoided. As elsewhere, rewilding in Australia should be viewed as an important conservation tool.     

推行清洁生产加快老工业基地振兴与改造

20世纪90年代之后,建立循环经济和清洁生产发展模式已经在国际社会蔚为风潮.发达国家正在把发展清洁生产、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径.本文通过对清洁生产产生的背景及其内涵的分析,指出推行清洁生产是实现老工业基地振兴与改造的必由之路,是达到环境与经济"双赢"的最佳发展模式,最后对推行清洁生产应采取的措施提出几点建议.     

Use of Historical Logging Patterns to Identify Disproportionately Logged Ecosystems within Temperate Rainforests of Southeastern Alaska

The forests of southeastern Alaska remain largely intact and contain a substantial proportion of Earth's remaining old‐growth temperate rainforest. Nonetheless, industrial‐scale logging has occurred since the 1950s within a relatively narrow range of forest types that has never been quantified at a regional scale. We analyzed historical patterns of logging from 1954 through 2004 and compared the relative rates of change among forest types, landform associations, and biogeographic provinces. We found a consistent pattern of disproportionate logging at multiple scales, including large‐tree stands and landscapes with contiguous productive old‐growth forests. The highest rates of change were among landform associations and biogeographic provinces that originally contained the largest concentrations of productive old growth (i.e., timber volume >46.6 m³/ha). Although only 11.9% of productive old‐growth forests have been logged region wide, large‐tree stands have been reduced by at least 28.1%, karst forests by 37%, and landscapes with the highest volume of contiguous old growth by 66.5%. Within some island biogeographic provinces, loss of rare forest types may place local viability of species dependent on old growth at risk of extirpation. Examination of historical patterns of change among ecological forest types can facilitate planning for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of forest resources. El Uso de Patrones Históricos de Tala para Identificar Ecosistemas Talados Desproporcionadamente en Bosques Lluviosos Templados del Sureste de Alaska Albert & Schoen 11‐839     

膜生物反应器处理晚期垃圾渗滤液亚硝化性能及其抑制动力学分析

采用连续流MBR反应器处理晚期垃圾渗滤液,考察其亚硝化性能;并探讨底物、产物和毒性物质对亚硝化性能的抑制及其动力学特性.结果表明,在进水NH₄⁺-N浓度为(280±20) mg/L时,通过控制DO为0.5~1 mg/L,pH值为7.8~8.2和温度为(30±1)℃,成功启动MBR的亚硝化工艺,在第32d时, NO₂^--N积累率为84.27%;后逐步升高进水负荷,并提高DO至2~3 mg/L,逐渐实现MBR系统中以晚期垃圾渗滤液原液为进水的亚硝化,在第112d时,系统出水NO₂^--N浓度为889 mg/L, NO₂^--N积累率为97.23%.底物、产物和毒性物质的抑制实验表明,毒性物质对微生物的抑制作用强于底物和产物;当毒性物质浓度(以COD计)为1600.2 mg/L时,氨氧化速率下降了22.15%,而相应条件下若以FA为单因子抑制时,氨氧化速率下降了4.74%~6.49%,若以FNA为单因子抑制时,氨氧化速率相比下降了14.46%~15.86%.分别采用Haldane底物抑制模型、Aiba产物抑制模型以及修正后的毒性物质抑制模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合,相关系数R²分别为0.9821、0.9961和0.9924,并得到底物、产物和毒性物质的抑制动力学模型.     

生态环境影响评价导则的对比分析

通过新旧生态环境影响评价导则HJ19-2011和HJ/T19-1997的对比分析,对两个导则中主要内容的差异进行了解析。以帮助读者了解新旧导则的异同,有利于更加深入地理解和使用新生态环境影响评价导则。     

新旧常态中国产业全碳足迹复杂网络比较

国民经济是由多个性质迥异且相互依赖产业构成的复杂系统,科学识别产业碳排放关联传导结构对于实现中国碳减排目标具有的重要理论及现实意义。为此,首先从直接和间接两个角度综合定义全碳足迹,基于能源消耗及生产服务修正直接消耗系数,创立函数改进容许性,及时更新投入产出表,夯实数据来源基础。再设计平衡性投入产出产业全碳足迹生命周期模型测算产业全碳足迹,基于WT指数法构建新旧常态中国产业全碳足迹复杂网络,继而从网络整体、节点地位、社团结构等角度分析新旧常态中国产业全碳足迹网络特征。经比较发现,构造的新旧常态中国产业全碳足迹复杂网络整体结构合理;较旧常态而言,新常态产业全碳足迹联系更为紧密,核心关键产业控制影响力更强,社团结构则总体保持稳定。在此基础上,提出综合衡量产业全碳足迹、全面顾及个体及整体特征、重点关注核心关键节点和充分考虑产业社团特征的对策建议,以求更有效提升新常态中国产业协同减排效率。     

也析建筑施工噪声管理中的几个法律问题

运用法学原理论证只有建筑施工单位是建筑施工噪声环境行政管理相对人,阐明现行申报制度、排污收费制度和“污染者负担原则”在建筑施工噪声管理中的法律适用问题。     

Detection of the toughest: Pedestrian injury risk as a smooth function of age

Objective: Though it is common to refer to age-specific groups (e.g., children, adults, elderly), smooth trends conditional on age are mainly ignored in the literature. The present study examines the pedestrian injury risk in full-frontal pedestrian-to–passenger car accidents and incorporates age—in addition to collision speed and injury severity—as a plug-in parameter.

Methods: Recent work introduced a model for pedestrian injury risk functions using explicit formulae with easily interpretable model parameters. This model is expanded by pedestrian age as another model parameter. Using the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) to obtain age-specific risk proportions, the model parameters are fitted to the raw data and then smoothed by broken-line regression.

Results: The approach supplies explicit probabilities for pedestrian injury risk conditional on pedestrian age, collision speed, and injury severity under investigation. All results yield consistency to each other in the sense that risks for more severe injuries are less probable than those for less severe injuries. As a side product, the approach indicates specific ages at which the risk behavior fundamentally changes. These threshold values can be interpreted as the most robust ages for pedestrians.

Conclusions: The obtained age-wise risk functions can be aggregated and adapted to any population. The presented approach is formulated in such general terms that in can be directly used for other data sets or additional parameters; for example, the pedestrian's sex. Thus far, no other study using age as a plug-in parameter can be found.     

关于黄土高原陇东地区环境变化的回顾与思考

在近七八十年里,生态环境脆弱的陇东地区由于人口增加引起乱砍滥伐、过度放牧、陡坡开垦造成的水土流失和引起大量开垦坡地,广种薄收,形成“越穷越垦、越垦越穷”的恶性循环等等,出现了一系列人地矛盾.随着植树造林,退耕还林,禁止放牧等一系列政策措施的实施和社会经济的快速发展,使得这一矛盾得到了一定程度的缓解,可今后怎样保持和继续深化以及怎样在环境可承载下发展经济和提高人民的生活水平是我们要思考的问题.从环境变化的几个方面进行讨论并得出一些存在的问题及建议.