重庆主城区春季大气PM10及PM2.5中多环芳烃来源解析

于2012年春季采集了重庆主城区和缙云山共6个环境采样点的大气PM₁₀、PM_2.5样品,同步采集了燃煤尘、机动车尾气尘、施工机械尾气尘、船舶尾气尘、餐饮油烟尘、生物质燃烧尘及土壤尘等7类污染源,采集到有效受体样品139个、有效源样品233个,使用GC-MS分析样品中18种PAHs的质量浓度(ρ),分析了PM₁₀、PM_2.5上载带PAHs的污染特征,并分别运用比值法、主成分分析法及CMB(化学质量平衡)受体模型法对PM₁₀、PM_2.5中的PAHs进行来源解析,所得源解析结果较为一致. 结果表明:重庆主城区大气PM₁₀、PM_2.5中ρ(PAHs)较低,ρ(PAHs)分别为22.03~31.71、19.02~29.92 ng/m3,其中位于工业区新山村采样点的ρ(PAHs)最高. PM₁₀载带的PAHs有86%~99%集中在PM_2.5中,说明PAHs主要富集在PM_2.5中. 重庆主城区大气PM₁₀、PM_2.5载带的PAHs主要来自机动车尾气尘和燃煤尘的贡献,这2类源对PM₁₀的贡献率分别为25.89%、32.80%;而在PM_2.5中,机动车尾气尘的贡献率较高,可达62%左右.      

基于危险化学品储存的区域生态环境风险评价

借鉴现有的生态风险评价方法,提出适合危险化学品储存的区域生态风险评价体系,即区域生态风险受体确定,评价终点选择,暴露途径和方式,暴露剂量分析与计算,风险表征以及区域生态风险管理对策等。研究结果表明:在有风模式中,鸟类的不可接受风险范围最远可达下风向7km,蛙类的不可接受风险最远可达下风向27km。大部分敏感点的蛙类急性暴露剂量都超标,处于不可接受风险水平;80%的敏感点的鸟类处于不可接受风险水平。根据风险评价结果,提出从防范措施、应急预案、环境监测和生态补偿4个方面制定区域生态风险管理措施。该区域生态环境风险评价研究为同类型区域生态环境风险评价提供借鉴作用。     

Trace contamination with dioxin-like chemicals: evaluation of bioassay-based TEQ determination for hazard assessment and regulatory responses

Many recent dioxin contamination events have been traced back to poisoned animal feed or feed ingredients. Therefore, enforcement authorities placed limits on the levels of dioxins in food and feed or implemented strict monitoring and control programs. The levels in force are generally expressed as TEQ values, which inherently accepts the underlying hypothesis that the effects of dioxin-like chemicals are additive. TEQ determination involves either chemo-analysis, with high-resolution gas chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectroscopy, or bio-analysis. Bio-analytical methods, more particularly the reporter gene expression method CALUX, are advantageous due to their high throughput rate and low cost. Moreover, the CALUX methodology detects the overall dioxin-like toxicity, rather than the limited number of compounds investigated by chemo-analysis. Bioanalytical methods such as CALUX also differ from chemo-analysis in that the contribution of antagonistic as well as synergistic effects, which violate the additivity principle, can be detected. The application of bio-analytical methods can facilitate a broader assessment of public health risks by intensifying the current monitoring programs in terms of both sample numbers and types. Bio-analysis provides information on the total dioxin-like activity of the samples under study (hazard assessment); however, chemo-analysis is still needed to identify the predominant contaminants (congener identification) for risk management.     

典型工业恶臭源恶臭排放特征研究

恶臭污染具有主观性和复杂性特点,结合使用仪器分析和嗅觉方法,可以从成分和感官两方面充分反映恶臭污染特征.本文参考USEPA TO14A和GB/T 14675-93方法,选择天津滨海新区内的6个不同类型的工业恶臭源,包括制药、喷漆、炼油、石化、树脂合成和橡胶,采集了各类源工艺流程中通过有组织方式排放的恶臭废气,测定了废气的感官臭气浓度并定量分析了其中的恶臭VOCs物质.使用臭气浓度、恶臭指数及统计学方法进行研究,结果发现,炼油源和制胶源的废气具有非常严重的感官刺激性.甲硫醇等硫化物是炼油源和制胶源的主要特征恶臭物质;苯乙烯和甲苯分别是合成树脂源和喷涂源的特征恶臭组分;对苯二甲酸(PTA)源和制药源属于混合型恶臭源.甲苯是喷漆源和制药源的标识组分;二硫化碳是制胶源的标识组分;间,对-二甲苯可以用来标识石化PTA污染源;炼油源的标识组分为三氯乙烯、氯乙烷和1,2-二溴乙烷;苯乙烯是合成树脂源的标识组分.     

Assays of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and co-contaminated heavy metals in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying the recombinant guinea pig aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression system

The transgenic Arabidopsis plant XgD2V11-6 carrying the recombinant guinea pig (g) aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression system was examined for assay of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and co-contaminated heavy metals. When the transgenic Arabidopsis plants were treated with PCB126 (toxic equivalency factor; TEF: 0.1) and PCB169 (TEF: 0.03), the GUS activity of the whole plants was increased significantly. After treatment with PCB80 (TEF: 0), the GUS activity was nearly the same level as that treated with 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a vehicle control. After exposure to a 1:1 mixture of PCB126 and PCB169, the GUS activity was increased additively. However, after exposure to a mixture of PCB126 and PCB80, the GUS activity was lower than that of the treatment with PCB126 alone. Thus, PCB80 seemed to be an antagonist towards AhR. When the transgenic plants were treated with each of the heavy metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb together with PCB126, Cd and Pb increased the PCB126-induced GUS activity. On the other hand, Fe, Cu and Zn did not affect the PCB126-induced GUS activity. In the presence of the biosurfactant mannosylerythritol lipid-B (MEL-B) and the carrier protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), the PCB126-induced GUS activity was increased, but the Cd-assisted PCB126-induced GUS activity was not affected. Thus, MEL-B and BSA seemed to increase uptake and transport of PCB126, respectively.     

Recombinant human AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene assays for PCB congeners in transgenic tobacco plants in comparison with recombinant mouse and guinea pig AhRs

Four expression plasmids for recombinant human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hAhR) consisting of a ligand binding domain of hAhR, a DNA-binding domain of LexA and a transactivation domain of VP16 as well as β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes were constructed. All the expression plasmids were transformed into tobacco plants. The selected transgenic tobacco plants were used to assay. PCB congeners showed GUS activity in a TEF-dependent manner. The selected transgenic tobacco plant XhD4V17 was compared with the transgenic tobacco plants XmD4V26 and XgD2V23 containing recombinant mouse (m) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette and recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette for PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. The data revealed that the tobacco plant XgD2V23 was the most active in PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. In a 1:1 mixture of PCB126 and PCB80 a reduced PCB126-induced GUS activity was observed in plant XgD2V23, which could possibly be due to interaction between PCB126 and PCB80.     

精确三维光谱数据活性关系方法应用于ToxCast数据库中雌激素受体数据分类、验证和特征提取的建模策略

本文利用三维光谱数据活性关系方法(3D-SDAR)对ToxCast数据库中1 528种化合物的雌激素潜能(表示为18分复合高通量筛选生物测定)进行建模。由于缺少170核磁共振(NMR)仿真软件,信息量最大的碳-碳3D-SDAR指纹随着一些指标变量增强,这些指标变量包括来自羰基和酰胺的氧原子、酯基、磺酰、硝基、脂肪族羟基和酚羟基官能团。为了评价本文作者所开发模型的预测性能的真实性,美国环境保护署为研究人员提供了2 008种化合物组成一套盲测。其中,543种化合物有文献可查数据—他们的结合力有助于评估开发模型的外部分类精度：得到预测精度0.62,敏感度0.71,和特异度0.53的结果。与其他建模技术相比,本文作者开发的模型几乎没有简化建模集和预测集之间的性能。3D-SDAR映射技术可以识别拟雌激素活性所必需的结构特征：1) 存在一个酚的OH官能团或环己烯酮,2)与第一苯酚环上的氧距离6 ?到8 ?的第二芳香或酚环,3) 存在一个与苯酚环的几何中心距离大约6 ?的甲基官能团,4)一个靠近(距离几何中心～4?)某个苯酚环的羰基官能团。
精选自Svetoslav H. Slavov, Richard D. Beger. Rigorous 3-dimensional spectral data activity relationship approach modeling strategy for toxcast estrogen receptor data classification, validation, and feature extraction. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 823–830, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3578
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3578/full
     

基于自然灾害的北京幅综合生态风险评价

经过20多年的发展,风险源评价从单一风险源扩展到多风险源,风险受体从单一受体发展到多受体,评价尺度也从种群、生态系统扩展到区域和景观水平。但总体说来,对多风险源、多过程的多个生态系统层次的风险评价尚不成熟。运用数字高程模型、干燥度分布图、植被指数、人口密度以及8种自然灾害风险源频率分布图、土地利用图、植被类型图、陆地生态系统生态资产分布图等数据,基于ArcGIS 9.2平台,综合考虑生态的脆弱性,风险源的发生频率,受体的暴露水平、危害程度等,对多风险源、多个生态系统综合的北京幅生态风险进行评价。旨在对区域综合生态风险评价方法进行探讨。评价结果显示：（1）高风险区主要为本区环渤海湾沿岸,包括天津市,河北唐山、沧州,山东滨州、东营、潍坊等沿海地带;以及本图幅西部、北部的太行山地,包括河北省、北京市及图幅西部的山西、河南部分地区;（2）较低生态风险区所占比例较高,达42.55%,可见降低生态风险有很大的潜力;（3）高强度的人类开发,尤其是在滨海地区围海造陆,将会导致沿海地区生态风险更高。     

雌激素受体在环境雌激素评估中的研究进展（Review on Estrogen Receptor to Estimate Environmental Estrogen）

水环境是环境雌激素最大的储存库,环境雌激素可通过水体传递,对水生动物产生严重危害.雌激素的生理功能通过雌激素受体(ER)介导.ER是一种配体依赖性转录因子,通过雌激素应答元件调节靶基因的转录.大量研究证实,在环境雌激素类化合物污染的评价中,ER可作为检测环境雌激素效应的生物标记物之一.但不同亚型的ER具有组织特异性且对配体的结合存在差异,因此在环境雌激素效应的检测中,应注意化学污染物的类型以及受检动物的物种及组织的特异性.检测ER的方法包括ER蛋白直接定量检测和ERmRNA定量分析,检测技术的选择要依据实验设计而定.论文对环境雌激素效应检测中ER的研究进展进行了综述,为环境雌激素污染检测工作提供了理论依据和基本方法.