Prenatal analysis of insulin receptor autophosphorylation in a family with leprechaunism

We describe a method for the isolation and functional characterization of insulin receptors from chorionic villi and cultured amniotic fluid cells. The functionality of these receptors is assayed by measuring the insulin-induced stimulation of autophosphorylation of the receptor β-chain. The method is expected to allow the prenatal diagnosis of those forms of lep-rechaunism and related diseases which are the result of a decreased stimulation by insulin of receptor autophosphorylation. A pregnancy at risk for leprechaunism was examined and an unaffected child was correctly predicted by study of the functionality of the insulin receptor on cultured amniocytes and by echoscopic examination.     

Blood transferrin receptor expression in chromosomally abnormal fetuses

In a cross-sectional study of 13 chromosomally abnormal fetuses, umbilical venous blood was obtained by cordocentesis at 17–32 weeks' gestation. Fetal blood transferrin receptor (CD71) expression (mean=79·8 per cent, range=60–98 per cent) and nucleated red cell count (mean=10·4 × 10⁹ per 1, range=1·0–25·0 × 10⁹ per 1) were significantly higher than the appropriate normal mean for gestation (z=3·92, P<0·0001 and z=3·69, P<0·001, respectively). These haematological changes in chromosomally abnormal fetuses would facilitate their prenatal diagnosis by analysis of fetal nucleated red blood cells isolated from the maternal circulation on the basis of CD71 expression.     

重组基因酵母报道系统筛检GR效应物质

用糖皮质激素受体重组基因酵母报道系统对3种天然与4种合成的糖皮质激素的糖皮质激素受体(GR)效应进行测定.结果表明,天然糖皮质激素中,肾上腺酮的活性最高;而合成激素中甲基强的松的活性最强.这些物质的GR效应与物质的化学结构密切相关.天然和合成糖皮质激素的GR效应随各自的辛醇水分配系数的增加而增强.     

VR1+细胞模型的构建和Nielsen假说的验证

为研究类香草素受体(vanilloid receptortype 1,VR1)作为刺激性室内空气污染物的触发性生物靶分子的生理作用,在VR1-cDNA质粒基础上,应用分子克隆和细胞转染技术构建了体外培养的VR1 -HEK293细胞模型,应用此细胞模型进行辣椒素和甲醛致VR1 -HEK293细胞死亡实验.结果表明,VR1 -HEK293细胞模型构建成功,VR1 细胞死亡实验是一种简便有效的鉴定VR1体外表达的实验方法;甲醛能够激活VR1,且激活反应能被VR1特异性拮抗剂capsazepine所阻断,从而推断甲醛对气道的刺激作用也是通过VR1所介导的.用体外细胞学实验证实了VR1是甲醛作用的生物靶分子,以实验证实了Nielsen假说的正确性.     

受体模型应用于典型持久性有毒物质的来源解析研究进展

阐述了常用的受体模型化学质量平衡模型(CMB),正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)、因子分析/多元线型回归(FA/MLR)、绝对因子得分/多元线性回归(AFS/MLR)、非负约束的因子分析模型(FA-NNC)和同位素来源解析技术(CSRA)的方法和原理,总结了受体模型应用于三种典型持久性有毒物质(PTS)PAHs,PCDD/Fs和PCBs的来源解析研究进展,并对PTS类污染物来源解析的发展趋势和我国源解析研究亟待解决的问题进行展望.     

重庆主城区大气PM10及PM2.5来源解析

为探讨重庆主城区4个季节大气PM₁₀和PM_2.5的主要来源,于2012年2—12月在重庆主城区的工业区、文教区和居住区5个环境监测点同步采集PM₁₀及PM_2.5样品,分析了无机元素、水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳含量及其分布特征. 采集了重庆主城区土壤尘、建筑水泥尘、扬尘、移动源(包括机动车、施工机械及船舶)、工业源(包括固定燃烧源及工业工艺过程源)、生物质燃烧源及餐饮源等7类污染源,建立了重庆市本地化的污染源成分谱库. 利用CMB(化学质量平衡)受体模型及二重源解析技术分析了PM₁₀及PM_2.5的来源. 结果表明:重庆主城区大气中ρ(PM₁₀)及ρ(PM_2.5)的年均值分别为153.2和113.1 μg/m3,超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值2倍以上. 大气PM₁₀的主要来源为扬尘、二次粒子和移动源(贡献率分别为23.9%、23.5%和23.4%),大气PM_2.5主要来源于二次粒子和移动源(贡献率分别为30.1%和27.9%).PM₁₀和PM_2.5的主要源类贡献率差别不大,表明研究区域内大气颗粒物污染控制应采取多源控制原则. 大气PM₁₀来源的季节性变化特征表现为春季和秋季主要以扬尘为主、夏季和冬季主要以二次粒子为主.      

An overview of emissions of SO2 and NOx and the long-range transport of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in East Asia

The long-range transport of oxidized sulfur(sulfur dioxide(SO_2) and sulfate) and oxidized nitrogen(nitrogen oxides(NO_x ) and nitrate) in East Asia is an area of increasing scientific interest and political concern. This paper reviews various published papers, including ground- and satellite-based observations and numerical simulations. The aim is to assess the status of the anthropogenic emissions of SO_2 and NO_x and the long-range transport of oxidized S and N pollutants over source and downwind region. China has dominated the emissions of SO_2 and NO_x in East Asia and urgently needs to strengthen the control of their emissions, especially NO_x emissions. Oxidized S and N pollutants emitted from China are transported to Korea and Japan, due to persistent westerly winds, in winter and spring.However, the total contributions of China to S and N pollutants across Korea and Japan were not found to be dominant over longer time scales(e.g., a year). The source–receptor relationships for oxidized S and N pollutants in East Asia varied widely among the different studies. This is because:(1) the nonlinear effects of atmospheric chemistry and deposition processes were not well considered, when calculating the source–receptor relationships;(2) different meteorological and emission data inputs and solution schemes for key physical and chemical processes were used; and(3) different temporal and spatial scales were employed. Therefore, simulations using the same input fields and similar model configurations would be of benefit, to further evaluate the source–receptor relationships of the oxidized S and N pollutants.     

受体模型在湖泊沉积物中PAHs、PFASs和OCPs源解析比较

受体模型是一类主要用于空气污染溯源的源解析方法,在沉积物中的应用研究较少。正定矩阵因子分析模型(positive matrix factorization,PMF)、Unmix模型和主成分分析-多元线性回归模型(principal component analysis-multiple linear regression,PCA-MLR)是3种应用较成熟的大气源解析模型。以江苏省、安徽省的湖泊沉积物为研究对象,分别使用3种模型对采集沉积物样品中不同种类的半挥发性有机污染物多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)、全氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)、有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)进行源解析,并通过对比3种模型结果的来源、贡献和拟合效果,探索模型在沉积物中污染物源解析中的应用。结果表明:不同模型对3类污染物的溯源均呈现出一致的解析结果,并且不同模型计算所得的模拟值与实测值拟合结果良好,在沉积物中污染物源解析得到较好应用。源解析结果表明:研究区沉积物中PAHs的来源主要有3种,分别为交通排放源,煤炭燃烧,天然气、柴油燃烧源;PFASs来源主要有3种,分别是氟化物加工助剂、树脂涂层、金属电镀工业源,纺织、贵金属、涂料工业排放源,纸质食品包装工业源;OCPs来源主要是滴滴涕和六氯环己烷(hexachlorocyclohexane,BHC)的历史残留,以及少量的异狄氏剂醛、氯丹和硫丹的贡献。PMF模型可以根据输入数据的不确定性赋予数据相应的权重。Unmix模型可以筛选出源信息较为明确的物质进入模型中。PCA-MLR模型可以定量的说明聚类分析的结果。应用多种模型进行污染物源解析可以使模型优缺点互补,消除单一模型局限性,更准确地完成沉积物中的污染物源解析。     

基于APCS-MLR受体模型和地统计法的矿区周边农用地土壤重金属来源解析

为探明矿区周边土壤重金属来源,为地区土壤污染防治提供有效建议,在重庆市黔江区五里乡北部采集表层土壤(0～20 cm)样品118件,分析了土壤中重金属(Cd、 Hg、 Pb、 As、 Cr、 Cu、 Zn和Ni)含量及土壤pH,利用地统计法和APCS-MLR受体模型对土壤重金属空间分布和来源进行了研究.结果表明,土壤重金属含量明显高于重庆市背景值,存在明显的表层累积.Hg、 Pb、 Cd、 As和Zn均表现为极强变异.土壤Cd、 Hg、 Pb、 As和Zn超过风险筛选值的比例分别为47.11%、 6.61%、 4.96%、 5.79%和7.44%,土壤Cd、 Hg、 Pb和As超过风险管制值的比例分别为0.83%、 4.13%、 0.83%和0.83%,土壤重金属超标问题显著.土壤Cd、 As、 Cr、 Cu和Ni主要受到成土母质的影响,对土壤元素总量的贡献率分别为77.65%、 68.55%、 71.98%、 90.83%和82.19%,土壤Hg、 Pb和Zn主要受到汞矿和铅锌矿开采的影响,贡献率分别为86.59%、 88.06%和91.34%.此外,农业活动也会影响土壤Cd和As的含...     

DEHP、DBP内分泌干扰活性的实验研究

利用MCF-7细胞增殖实验、细胞周期分析、细胞雌激素受体水平测定和断乳大鼠子宫增重实验探讨了邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)内分泌干扰活性及其可能的作用机制.结果表明,DEHP和DBP可诱导MCF-7细胞增殖、细胞内雌激素受体水平增高,对细胞周期无明显影响,DEHP不引起断乳大鼠子宫增重.推断DEHP和DBP可能并不是通过模拟雌激素而是引起体内天然激素受体水平改变等其他机制影响机体内分泌系统.