公路隧道内车辆行驶工况的试验研究

在北京市谭峪沟隧道内汽车行驶工况调查的基础上,采用以二维直方统计为核心的随机工况统计方法,对公路隧道内车辆实际行驶状态作了比较全面的分析,为合理地确定我国公路汽车排放因素,进而确定隧道内空气污染控制方针提供科学依据.      

Effects of climate change on water resources in Tarim River Basin, Northwest China

Based on hydrology, temperature, and precipitation data from the past 50 years, the effects of climate change on water resources in Tarim River Basin in Northwest China were investigated. The long-term trends of the hydrological time series were detected using both parametric and nonparametric techniques. The results showed that the increasing tendency of the temperature has a 5% level of significance, and the temperature increased by nearly 1℃ over the past 50 years. The precipitation showed a significant increase in the 1980s and 1990s, and the average annual precipitation exhibited an increasing trend with a magnitude of 6.8 mm per decade. A step change occurred in both the temperature and precipitation time series around 1986. The streamflow from the headwater of the Tarim River exhibited a significant increase during the last 20 years. The increase in temperature, precipitation, and streamflow may be attributed to global climate change.     

长江上游区的坡面土壤流失及侵蚀防治

长江上游区的嘉陵江流域、金沙江渡口至屏山河段流域、三峡库区及库周区,土壤坡面流失量都超过3000t/a·km~2,属长江上游流失严重之最,应列为首批治理重点区;三峡区长江主航道及近主航道支流两岸的重力侵蚀十分严重,给长江输入大量难以排除的砂石物质,应重点加强此区域的重力侵蚀防治。最后对此区的水土保持提出了6条意见。     

蒙城台磁变仪跳动及其原因的初探

2001-03-09蒙城地震台地磁磁变仪CB-3(观测仪，备份仪)同时出现三个分量动线的跳动，分析表明蒙城地震台地磁总强度F、 垂直强度Z发生变化。 其原因可能是强电流作用下，地下介质电性变化所致。     

Ecological risk of pesticide residues in the British Columbia environment: 1973–2012

An updated ecological risk assessment was conducted to re-evaluate and review the overall risk of pesticide residues to certain aquatic life. The focus was the impact on offsite non-target, freshwater organisms of pesticide operational sprays in British Columbia from 1973 until 2012. The values of risk quotients for pesticides of selected indicator organisms were determined to measure the effect. When compared with organophosphorus, carbamate, and other miscellaneous pesticides, this risk assessment analysis suggests that the historical use of persistent and highly toxic organochlorine pesticides posed, and continue to pose, a deleterious ecological risk. The risk is both short-term acute and long-term sub-acute, chronic toxicity to offsite, non-target aquatic invertebrates and juvenile salmonid fish. Data indicated that these organisms were, and remain, subjected to harmful effects of pesticide residues to varying degrees. Most vulnerable were, and also are, benthic organisms inhabiting bottom sediments. This substrate is the natural sink for persistent pesticide residues, predominantly organochlorine pesticides from historical use, as well as dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wood preservatives, and other sources. Environment Canada's main aquatic protection strategy was a 10 metre no-treatment buffer zone, augmented with an additional appropriate setback along shorelines of fishery and wildlife resource-sensitive water bodies. This study discusses why this guideline was necessary, useful and effective, but was only partially successful. The physical-chemical properties of pesticide residues, from either an individual compound or different compounds in combination, also influence the nature of biological impacts on non-target, aquatic organisms. Few studies have been conducted in British Columbia aquatic environments to investigate the significance of this aspect.     

我国现行的排污收费征管体制与改革

排污费的征管体制是目前人们关注的焦点问题之一。当前我国的征管体制主要有两级收费两级管理、两级收费三级管理、三级收费三级管理等模式。根据国家财政体制改革及环保工作的需要,我国应建立属地征收、分级管理的排污费征管体制。     

荧光光谱法鉴别江面及船舶舱底水中的污油

叙述了用荧光光谱法鉴别污油油种的实验条件和方法,根据可疑船舶舱底水污油和江面溢油的“油指纹”荧光光谱图,提供确定排污油船只的依据。     

生化需氧量测试方法稀释比的改良

由污水常规监测及实验室内质控样的分析结果,进行比较分析,获取经验常数,确立BOD_5与CODcr存在线性关系,可由CODcr计算BOD_5的近似值,引用经验公式,直接确定取样体积,对BOD_5常规测试方法进行了改良,以达到降低工作强度,提高监测人员工作效率的目的。     

岛礁油料装备的腐蚀特性及全寿命腐蚀控制策略

岛礁属于亚热带、热带海洋性气候,具有长期高温、高湿、高盐雾、高太阳辐射等环境特征,会加速保障装备的腐蚀进程,严重制约了装备的使用可靠性。针对该难题,文中对岛礁保障装备的工作环境特征、腐蚀失效现象以及腐蚀机理进行了系统的分析,提出了开展油料装备腐蚀故障数据收集和分析以及全寿命腐蚀控制是今后岛礁油料装备腐蚀防控领域的重点研究方向。最后针对装备腐蚀不同的机理特征,提出了油料装备全寿命腐蚀控制策略,为岛礁油料装备的腐蚀寿命预测、维修与保养提供技术支持和理论指导。     

中国农田畜禽粪尿氮负荷量及其还田潜力

为准确掌握中国各省区畜禽粪尿及氮负荷量,以及还田利用潜力,本研究基于统计数据和已有资料,利用猪粪当量(N)估算了1978年以来中国畜禽粪尿量的变化规律,以及各类畜禽粪尿的构成比例,分析和评价了2016各省份畜禽粪尿、纯氮负荷量的空间分布和污染风险,并估算了各省份畜禽粪尿的还田潜力.结果表明,中国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量总体上呈"快速增加(1978~2005年)-保持稳定(2006~2016年)"的变化态势,到2016年,分别达到366 822.01×10~4t和2 024.10×10~4t,均增长了105.78%,94.03%~98.34%的粪尿量来源于家禽、羊、猪和牛.畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量最大的区域是华北地区,其中河南省为最,分别占全国的22.25%和8.81%.其次是四川,占8.14%.按耕地、作物播种面积和农用地面积分别计算单位面积上的畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量,并进行r值分级和环境风险评价.如果承载场所为耕地,负荷量较大的是西南和东南地区,污染风险较严重的是华北地区,为Ⅳ级;若按农作物种植面积,西北和西南地区负荷量较大,西北和华北地区为Ⅲ级有污染风险;若按农用地计算,华北和东南地区负荷量较大,华北地区Ⅲ级有污染风险,湖南负荷量最大,北京、山东和河南为Ⅳ级较严重污染风险.全国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分还田量分别为113 480.75×10~4t和626.15×10~4t,按单位农用地面积分别相当于3.07 t·hm~(-2)和16.92 kg·hm~(-2),华北地区最大,为8.27t·hm~(-2)和45.62 kg·hm~(-2).若按50%的粪尿N养分环境容量(85 kg·hm~(-2))计算,全国可增加粪尿N养分还田量为2 520.21×10~4t,粮食主产区黑龙江还田潜力最大,其次是四川.