基于长光程差分吸收光谱原理的污染物监测系统在化工区的应用

应用一种基于长光程差分吸收光谱(LP-DOAS)原理的仪器,对上海市典型化学工业区进行了长期自动监测。该测量系统搭建于化工区西北方向边界上,一旦污染物浓度超标就会报警,起到边界围栏的作用。选取同站点GC-FID系统测量的甲苯数据与LP-DOAS系统测量的甲苯数据进行了比对分析,2台仪器日均浓度值的拟合系数R²为0.87,验证了长光程测量系统数据的有效性。结合西北边界监测站点的气象数据对测量的HCl数据进行日均、月度平均分析,发现HCl的浓度变化主要与化工区的排放有关。采用基于拉格朗日传输、扩散模式的HYSPLIT_4模式分别对2017—2019年中每年6月份和2017年全年进行污染物追迹分析,发现2017—2019年中每年6月份有95%左右的污染物扩散时会经过上海城区,对上海地区造成影响。进一步分析表明,2017年,夏季化工区排放的污染物对上海城区的影响最大,秋季对上海城区的影响最小。上述研究结果可为上海市大气环境监测及治理提供参考。     

Benchmarking Optical/Thermal Satellite Imagery for Estimating Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture in Decision Support Tools

Generally, one expects evapotranspiration (ET) maps derived from optical/thermal Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery to improve decision support tools and lead to superior decisions regarding water resources management. However, there is lack of supportive evidence to accept or reject this expectation. We “benchmark” three existing hydrologic decision support tools with the following benchmarks: annual ET for the ET Toolbox developed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, predicted rainfall‐runoff hydrographs for the Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis model developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the average annual groundwater recharge for the Distributed Parameter Watershed Model used by Daniel B. Stephens & Associates. The conclusion of this benchmark study is that the use of NASA/USGS optical/thermal satellite imagery can considerably improve hydrologic decision support tools compared to their traditional implementations. The benefits of improved decision making, resulting from more accurate results of hydrologic support systems using optical/thermal satellite imagery, should substantially exceed the costs for acquiring such imagery and implementing the remote sensing algorithms. In fact, the value of reduced error in estimating average annual groundwater recharge in the San Gabriel Mountains, California alone, in terms of value of water, may be as large as $1 billion, more than sufficient to pay for one new Landsat satellite.     

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River,Ethiopia

For the determination of 15 potentially toxic elements (V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in plant and sediment samples of the Akaki River, Ethiopia, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and a RA-915+ mercury analyzer were applied. Sediment and plant samples were mineralized using a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. The elemental concentrations varied considerably in plant and sediment samples. The minimum concentration was observed for known toxic elements (As, Hg, and Cd) while the highest concentration was observed for the elements of relatively low toxicity Zn, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, and As in Swiss chard surpassed the maximum permissible levels at specific sites. At some of the sites, the sediment quality guidelines are surpassed for Cu, Zn, and Pb.     

Satellite and Ground Based Monitoring of Aerosol Plumes

Plumes of atmospheric aerosol have been studied using a rangeof satellite and ground-based techniques. The Sea-viewing WideField-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) has been used to observe plumesof sulphate aerosol and Saharan dust around the coast of theUnited Kingdom. Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) was retrievedfrom SeaWiFS for two events; a plume of Saharan dusttransported over the United Kingdom from Western Africa and aperiod of elevated sulphate experienced over the Easternregion of the UK. Patterns of AOT are discussed and related tothe synoptic and mesoscale weather conditions. Furtherobservation of the sulphate aerosol event was undertaken usingthe Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer instrument(AVHRR). Atmospheric back trajectories and weather conditionswere studied in order to identify the meteorologicalconditions which led to this event. Co-located ground-basedmeasurements of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were obtained for 4sites within the UK and PM_2.5/10 ratios were calculatedin order to identify any unusually high or low ratios(indicating the dominant size fraction within the plume)during either of these events. Calculated percentiles ofPM_2.5/10 ratios during the 2 events examined show thatthese events were notable within the record, but were in noway unique or unusual in the context of a 3 yr monitoringrecord. Visibility measurements for both episodes have beenexamined and show that visibility degradation occurred duringboth the sulphate aerosol and Saharan dust episodes.     

基于Landsat数据的关中盆地腹地AOD时空格局及城市化对其影响

气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)是气溶胶最基本的光学特性之一,表征气溶胶对光的消减作用,对区域大气污染有一定的指示作用.首先,以2000 ～ 2019年长时间序列MOD09A1产品数据为基础,利用ASTER波谱数据库,构建了Landsat TM/OLI蓝光波段地表反射率数据集,利用深...     

北京市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM_(10)质量浓度的相关性分析

利用北京地区2012年1—12月NASA MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和通过空气污染指数(API)转换得到的PM10质量浓度进行了相关性分析.结果发现,二者的直接相关程度较低,在引入季节变化的气溶胶标高且考虑了气溶胶的垂直分布后,进行标高订正,二者的相关系数有所提高;在考虑了湿度影响因子后,进行湿度订正,二者的相关系数显著提高;引入平均风速、平均气温和平均气压等气象因素,进行多元回归分析,相关系数进一步提高.证实了卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度在经过垂直和湿度订正并考虑气象因素的情况下,可以作为监测北京地区颗粒物污染物地面分布的一个有效手段.     

基于地基遥感数据的太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱变化规律研究

利用多光谱旋转遮蔽影带辐射计(Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer,MFRSR)测定了我国长江三角洲中部的太湖地区2008年5月至2009年4月期间415 nm、500 nm、615 nm、673 nm、870 nm波段的全天空总辐射、散射辐射和直接辐射通量密度,结合球形粒子的Mie散射理论反演了该地区大气气溶胶粒子谱,并对结果进行了分析.结果表明:受人为活动的影响,该地区工作日和非工作日气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的日变化存在明显的差异,工作日上午6:00-9:00时间内,细粒子的生成远大于非工作日这一期间细粒子的生成.太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度常年较高,500 nm波段的年平均值为0.8038±0.7924,夏季最大(0.9359±0.7389),冬季最小(0.6209±0.5500);气溶胶粒子谱表现出双峰分布,一种是位于半径0.15 μm附近的细模态,另一种是半径3μm左右的粗模态,且夏季和秋季细粒子较多,而其他季节粗粒子较多.气溶胶光学厚度以及气溶胶粒子谱分布的季节变化受到气象条件的显著影响.降水过程对大气气溶胶具有明显的冲刷作用,并且降水后大气气溶胶的增加与气溶胶粒子大小有关,积聚态粒子浓度的增加比粗模态粒子的增加更快.     

基于环境一号卫星的四川盆地气溶胶光学厚度精细化反演

四川盆地为中国灰霾形势较为严重的区域之一,对四川盆地大气灰霾的监测具有十分重要的意义。利用环境一号卫星数据,对能表征大气污染程度的气溶胶光学厚度进行了反演。提出了用EVI植被指数判定暗像元精细化反演气溶胶光学厚度的方法,该方法能较好地去除部分大气影响,气溶胶光学厚度反演结果与CE318的气溶胶光学厚度结果相关性较高,误差较小,具有较高的精度,反演结果满足精细化要求。反演结果表明,四川盆地内有德阳、成都、眉山和乐山4个气溶胶光学厚度高值区,该高值区呈带状分布且与四川盆地的地形密切相关。     

北京不同污染事件期间气溶胶光学特性

利用2005~2011年的AERONET观测数据,对北京不同污染事件期间(秸秆焚烧、烟花燃放以及沙尘天气)气溶胶光学特性进行了分析.气溶胶光学厚度受污染有显著上升,沙尘、秸秆、烟花气溶胶的AOD440 nm分别是干净背景的4.91、4.07、2.65倍.AOD与ngstrm波长指数的匹配能够较好地识别污染类型,沙尘对应高AOD和低α,烟花气溶胶α(1.09)稍低于秸秆(1.21)以及背景(1.27),表明烟花气溶胶的粗粒子更占优,秸秆对应更高的AOD则与其中黑碳颗粒较强的消光能力有关.单次散射反照率对波长敏感性不高,沙尘气溶胶的ω值(0.934)高于背景值(0.878)、秸秆气溶胶(0.921)以及烟花气溶胶(0.905),秸秆气溶胶受烟羽老化、吸湿性增长等影响表现出偏大现象.气溶胶粒子谱分布在背景与污染期间均为双峰模态,细模态和粗模态的峰值浓度半径分别为0.1~0.2μm以及2.24~3.85μm,粗细粒子浓度比值由小到大依次为背景(1.04)、秸秆焚烧(1.10)、烟花燃放(1.91)以及沙尘气溶胶(4.96).     

光纤传感检测水中总铁的研制

讨论了光纤理化检测仪的原理 ,建立了抗坏血酸还原三价铁后 ,以菲咯嗪为显色剂 ,测定水中总铁的新方法。理论和实践证明 ,采用光纤传感检测适应现场检测的要求。