NOx排放统计方法综述

随着大气中NOx污染日益加重,"十一五"期间,我国拟将NOx纳入环境统计范围.通过广泛调研国内外文献,总结和分析了我国NOx排放量统计的研究现状,同时提出了相关建议.     

Geospatial Analysis of Climatic and Geomorphic Interactions Influencing Stream Discharge, Appalachian Mountains, USA

Streamflow values are commonly synthesized for locations where flow measurement stations are lacking or where only intermittent measurements are available. In an Appalachian Mountains dataset comprised of 29 watersheds, the most appropriate among geomorphic, geologic, and hydrogeologic datasets were selected for use in prediction of streamflow at watershed scale. A statistical model was developed using principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) for. Using CA on variables derived from the PCA, an optimum set of variables was derived for predicting streamflow. Results indicate there are two categories of watersheds in the study area. The first is strongly correlated with climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, elevation, and groundwater recharge). The second is strongly correlated with two geomorphic variables (watershed slope and percentage of forested area). The spatial distribution of cluster classifications shows that watersheds dominated by the climatic component are located along the Allegheny Front while watersheds dominated by the geomorphic component are located in the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces. These variations between the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces suggest that, to accurately model streamflow, modeling needs be done based on natural physiographic boundaries rather than political boundaries. In this physiographic setting, elevation seems to be a major control.     

农村生活污染开展环境统计的思考

污染源排放数据是各项环境管理的关键基础和重要依据,目前,环保部门对除农村生活污染以外的其他污染源排放数据已基本摸清。在"三农"发展的同时,农村环境保护已被提上国家日程,日前国务院下发了《关于加强环境保护重点工作的意见》,要求开展农村环境统计,环境统计主管部门也在考虑"十二五"期间将农村生活污染纳入环境统计的可能性。鉴于农村生活污染的特点,开展环境统计尚存在较多难点。因此,分析农村生活污染的特点,思考将其纳入环境统计的可行性和操作性,对健全环境统计体系、改善农村环境质量、全方位掌控和监管各类污染源排放,具有高度的前瞻性和重要性。     

上海市某城区降水监测点位优化

通过对2009—2011年间上海市某城区降水监测数据的数理统计分析,对降水中的阴阳离子、p H值和电导率数据进行比对,在确保监测数据的代表性、合理性和连续性前提下,对于降水监测点位优化的必要性、可行性与后续影响进行评估。     

对美国格林威治湾底栖动物造成危害的潜在胁迫因子的诊断

格林威治湾是纳拉甘西特湾一处受到多种影响因子作用的城市化形成港湾。本研究鉴定了对于格林威治湾底栖动物的重要影响因素。首先利用现存数据与信息来验证水体受损情况。其次确定了影响来源,影响因素和具体影响的存在。继而探究了来源,影响因素和具体影响之间的关系。这使我们能够鉴定出最可能危害水体的影响因素。本研究评估了化学制品、营养物质和悬浮沉积物3类污染物。这种证据权重的方法表明格林威治湾主要受到富营养化相关的影响因素危害。格林威治湾的沉积物富含碳,低溶解氧浓度的情况十分常见,尤其在格林威治湾西部。底栖生物群落出现发育不良的情况,与在氧气不足情况下的预测结果吻合。尽管我们的分析表明环境中的污染物浓度可能导致有害结果的出现,我们并未在结果中检出毒性。这是由于沉积物中存在大量的有机物,这些有机物限制了污染物的生物可利用性。我们的分析还表明悬浮沉积物的影响对于湾区的大部分区域而言几乎不存在。本分析展示了诊断法步骤可以用于组织和评估影响格林威治湾生态健康的潜在影响因素。诊断法步骤对于管理受到多重因素影响的水体非常有用。
精选自Marguerite Pelletier, Kay Ho, Mark Cantwell, Monique Perron, Kenneth Rocha, Robert M. Burgess, Roxanne Johnson, Kenneth Perez, John Cardin, Michael A. Charpentier. Diagnosis of potential stressors adversely affecting benthic invertebrate communities in Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 2, pages 449–462, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3562
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3562/full
     

偶氮二甲酰胺发泡剂清洁生产评价模型

提出了针对不同工艺的偶氮二甲酰胺（ADC）发泡剂生产企业的清洁生产综合评价方案。利用逐层序关系分析法确定各指标的影响因子,采用极差标准化法对正逆向指标数据进行初步处理,使用主成分分析法对ADC发泡剂生产企业进行排名。该研究为ADC发泡剂清洁生产评价提供了一个更加客观和精确的方案。     

膜生物反应器工艺污水处理厂设计进水水质的确定

城市污水处理厂进水水质是工程设计的基本参数,进水水质的测定分析对污水处理厂的设计具有重要意义。对无锡市城北污水处理厂的现状进水水质进行了调查和分析,提出按照水质指标浓度出现的频率确定污水处理厂设计进水水质的方法,并针对采用的膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺的特点,提出:(1)根据实测数据按照一定的保证概率可以用来确定城市污水处理厂设计进水水质;(2)为了使水质的确定更加符合设计工程的实际情况,根据实测数据分析确定设计进水水质指标时,一般还需要进行趋势性调整和季节性调整;(3)确定合理的指标浓度与流量,以此为依据进行反应池的工艺设计,同时要校核夏季温度高、浓度低、流量大和冬季温度低、浓度高、流量小的工况是否满足处理要求,然后取冬、夏季校核值以及未作季节性调整设计值中最不利情况作为设计值,才能充分保证出水达到处理要求。     

Estimating upper percentiles of surface water monitoring data with sparse samples

The estimation of upper percentiles of chemical concentrations in surface water systems within sites and regions may be necessary for the assessment of potential risk to ecosystems and human health. Limited sample sizes at monitoring sites often limit the use of direct methods to estimate upper percentiles. In such cases, upper percentiles within regions within a time frame may be estimated by pooling data across sites and years, and then deriving percentile estimates from the pooled dataset. The method uses the observations resulting from either a known probability-sampling design or a sampling design treated like one because its observations come close to matching that of a probability-sample. These observations are then weighted to ensure that estimates are representative of a target population across all the sites within the region and the range of years in the time frame. This method of estimating upper percentiles of annual site concentration profiles is demonstrated using atrazine and validated using the monitoring data from both sparsely sampled and high-frequency water monitoring programs, where point and interval estimates of the 90th, 95th, and 99th pooled population percentiles are provided. This method shows that the pooled data from multiple sparse datasets can be used to provide estimates of near-peak concentrations with greater certainty, which are consistent with those generated by high-frequency sampling monitoring programs.     

关于加强环境统计工作的思考

针对江苏省环境统计工作中存在的问题,通过调查研究,提出了加强做好江苏省环境统计工作的有关对策.     

建筑物火灾危险性的模糊评价

依据建筑物火灾危险性的影响因素,应用模糊识别理论及系统安全方法,建立了建筑物火灾危险性的评价指标体系,并应用集值统计方法对各项指标权重进行了处理,将该理论应用到某购物商场火灾危险性评价中,验证了评价模型的准确性,为建筑物防火设计以及安全管理提供了可行的依据。