嘉陵江重庆段DOM三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析

应用平行因子分析法对2010年6月嘉陵江重庆段水体13个取样点DOM(溶解性有机质)的三维荧光光谱进行指纹识别.结果表明,嘉陵江重庆段水体可识别出4类5个荧光组分,包括类富里酸荧光组分C1(250、320 nm/400 nm)和C4(230、340nm/450 nm)、类腐殖酸荧光组分C2(260、360 nm/450 nm)、浮游生物产生的荧光组分C3(260 nm/380 nm)和类蛋白物质荧光组分C5(280 nm/330 nm).它们的贡献率依次为类富里酸18%～38%,类腐殖酸11%～18%,浮游植物8%～22%,类蛋白物质33%～49%.嘉陵江重庆段水体的有机物污染主要以来自工业、生活污水和其他人为活动产生的陆源污染输入为主,其次是浮游植物和水体微生物代谢产生的污染.13个取样点的总荧光强度在空间分布上由西到东呈"升高—降低—升高—降低"的趋势.      

山地城市排水管网特细颗粒物特性及变化规律

对山地城市排水管网中特细颗粒物的粒径分布特征及变化规律、Zeta电位分布特征及变化规律和ρ(SS)的变化规律进行研究,同时对相关水化学参数(如电导率、pH)的变化规律进行了分析.结果表明:特细颗粒物的平均粒径、Zeta电位、ρ(SS)和电导率分别为21.04～73.53μm、-20.83～-11.15 mV、106～492 mg/L和973～2 445μS/cm,其统计平均值分别为(43.74±14.12)μm、(-17.95±1.88)mV、(233±90)mg/L和(1 343±331)μS/cm;pH为7.25～7.63.工业废水的排入对排水管网特细颗粒物的粒径分布特征、Zeta电位分布特征以及电导率有显著的影响并呈现出一定的规律性;传统沉砂池对进水中特细颗粒物的去除能力相当有限,特细颗粒物会直接进入生物处理系统.      

Volatile organic compounds of Acacia longifolia and their effects on germination and early growth of species from invaded habitats

Acacia longifolia, a highly invasive species that invades coastal ecosystems in Mediterranean areas, produces significant impacts at different scales. Abundant foliage and thick canopies create a dense atmosphere that led us to hypothesise that the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could play a role in the reduction of biodiversity observed in invaded areas. Therefore, we suggested that VOCs emitted by A. longifolia could exert inhibitory effects on physiological and biochemical parameters of native species. Using glass chamber bioassays, we evaluated the effect of aerial contact between VOCs from different plant parts of A. longifolia material and some native species. Volatile chemical composition was further analysed using GC-MS. Our results indicated that VOCs produced a notably reduction of seed germination. Furthermore, volatiles from leaves and flowers significantly decreased root length, shoot length and biomass for all species. Proline and malondialdehyde content did not significantly increase after contact with VOCs. Finally, chemical profile of VOCs from flowers, leaves and litter was significantly different, both qualitatively and quantitatively. As far as we know, our results constitute the first evidence of phytotoxicity induced by VOCs from A. longifolia, suggesting that flowers and leaves could influence its surrounding environment through VOCs release.     

Sediments distribution of trace metals in a coastal lagoon (Southern Sardinia,Mediterranean Sea): assessment of contamination and ecological risk

Coastal lagoons are subject to several sources of contaminations. To shade light on the contamination level of the Santa Gilla lagoon (Tyrrhenian Sea) we investigated the spatial distribution of Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg in sediments and their correlation with grain size and organic matter contents. Moreover, sediment contamination levels and the ecological risk associated with metal concentration were assessed using different abiotic indicators. The lagoon is characterised by low levels of contamination, with exceptions for Pb and Hg, whose distribution reflects the position of an old chlor-alkali plant and that of an airport. These results indicate that the restoration put in place 30 years ago have not reached the expected target and that the presence of the airport deserves further attention. In the outer section of the lagoon, where clam fishery occurs, we observed low levels of contamination suggesting that such artisanal fishery could somehow help mobilising metals. We conclude that the area exposed to Hg pollution, though tentatively restored, still suffers of a potential risk of ecosystem deterioration. We pinpoint that further investigations on the mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of metals are needed to finally address the actual impairment of the Santa Gilla lagoon.     

Effects of different mowing frequencies on soil carbon and nitrogen changes in leymus chinensis steppe of Hulun Buir北大核心CSCD

Mowing is the main management of Hulun Buir grasslands in Inner Mongolia; therefore, understanding the changes of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon sequestration under different mowing frequencies will provide an important scientific basis for grassland carbon sink management in Inner Mongolia. Three treatment plots were devised in the study area, including enclosed sample (Y), mowing every other year (2G), and mowing once a year (1G), where SOC, TN content and storage were investigated. The results showed that with increased mowing frequency, the SOC and TN content showed a decreasing trend in the 0-30 cm depth soil layer. The SOC and TN content were different in each soil layer, which decreased gradually with increasing soil depth in Y and 2G plots, whereas increased gradually in 1G plots. The soil carbon storage was significantly correlated with the soil nitrogen storage, and both showed a significant linear decrease with increased mowing frequency, which showed as carbon and nitrogen loss. In 2G plots, the soil carbon storage decreased by 17.1% and soil nitrogen storage decreased by 20.8%. In 1G plots, the soil carbon storage decreased by 21.6% and soil nitrogen storage decreased by 29.3%. The results showed that the change of soil carbon and nitrogen was sensitive to mowing frequency for the Hulun Buir grassland. It is possible to reduce the loss of carbon and nitrogen by reasonably controlling mowing frequency, and the sustainable use of grassland could be achieved with appropriate fertilization. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于TLSER和QSPR关系预测PAHs和PCBs的LDPE膜-空气分配系数

有机污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的平衡分配系数(K_P),是测定环境中有机污染物浓度的重要参数,但K_P值大部分都需要经过繁琐的实验测定获取,无法逐个测定数量繁多的污染物,因此需开发一种预测K_P值的方法。为此,搜集整理了一些多环芳香烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)-空气分配系数(K_PA)的实测值,基于理论线性溶解能(TLSER)和定量结构性质关系(QSPR),利用逐步多元线性回归(MLR)分别构建了预测K_PA值的模型。模型的决定系数R2adj分别为0.927和0.956,交叉验证系数Q2LOO分别为0.915和0.946,外部系数Q2ext分别为0.913和0.960。结果表明,2种模型具有良好的拟合优度、稳健性和预测能力,并解释了模型的机理。所构建的2种模型均可用来预测应用域内有机污染物的LDPE膜-空气分配系数。     

生理毒代动力学模型及其在有机污染物水生生态毒理研究中的应用

人类生产和生活使用各种人工合成的化学品,种类和数量急剧增长,对生态系统和人体健康造成了极大威胁。因此,亟需采用高效的方法对数量巨大的化合物进行毒性评价。对生理毒代动力学(PBTK)模型的建立过程及其在污染物生态毒理研究中的应用进行了综述。PBTK模型,又称生理药代动力学(PBPK)模型,是利用生理学和解剖学等原理,将生物体简化为用血流连接的肝、肾和脂肪等各组织器官房室,模拟化合物在生物体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程。模型参数包括生理参数和生化参数2个部分,可用MATLAB等软件进行模拟。模型已应用于数百余种有机污染物在鱼体等水生生物体的毒代动力学模拟。已有模拟结果能够预测化合物在生物体内的有效剂量,对化合物毒性进行评估,并可用于不同物种、不同剂量和不同暴露途径间的外推,有力推进了污染物生态毒理研究工作的开展。     

微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用研究进展

微塑料(粒径小于5 mm的塑料)作为海洋中一种新型的污染物正受到越来越多的关注。微塑料在全球多个海域均有检出,根据其来源分为原生微塑料和次生微塑料。原生微塑料由人工直接制造所得,常见于日常生活用品中;次生微塑料由大块塑料制品长期风化、磨损和光解形成。塑料自身含有多种有机添加剂,不断向环境中释放,污染海洋环境;微塑料表面还可吸附有机污染物,此吸附作用受两者的物理化学性质和环境条件影响,吸附污染物后的微塑料生物毒性增强。另外,聚合物复合光催化材料可加快有机污染物如染料的光降解反应速率,因而微塑料可能会促进有机污染物的光解。针对目前微塑料对有机物光降解的贡献、机理鲜见研究的问题,未来应加强以下3方面的研究:(1)微塑料对不同有机污染物光降解是否存在影响?(2)微塑料类型、尺寸以及反应条件对有机污染物光降解如何影响?(3)微塑料对有机污染物光降解影响的内在机制是什么?     

基于活性污泥微生物冻后再生对废水基质降解效能的研究

采用高径比为12.5的序批式反应器(SBR)对冷冻的成熟好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）解冻驯化,研究母体颗粒冻后富集培养及其在番茄废水基质降解中的循环利用。结果表明：冻后恢复活性的污泥第60天全部颗粒化,平均粒径不小于0.45 mm;高通量测序结果显示,相较母体颗粒,该污泥中与颗粒化相关的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)优势菌群富集,微生物丰度呈显著差异（P<0.05）;复合菌株对COD、NH3-N和PO3-4-P去除率分别为98.9%、82.1%和82.2%,可实现番茄废水的有效降解。     

近3年西双版纳州勐腊县大气污染基本特征及污染原因分析

对西双版纳州生态环境局勐腊分局2017年8月-2020年8月逐日空气质量数据的分析表明,2-4月是勐腊县空气质量指数（Air Quality Index,AQI）频繁达到二级及以上的时段,空气质量分指数（Individual Air Quality Index,IAQI）能够达到二级及以上标准的污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、SO₂中的一种或几种,PM_2.5、PM₁₀污染较为严重,PM_2.5对空气质量的影响最大,可使空气质量达到重度污染,混合污染出现比例远大于单一污染.2019、2020年3-4月勐腊县轻度及以上连续污染日数超过5 d的5次过程中,4次污染过程的主要潜在源区在勐腊上风方向老挝西北部及泰国与其相邻的区域,权重潜在源贡献因子（Weight Potential Source Contribution Function,WPSCF）大于0.6的区域与同年3、4月泰国西北部、老挝西北部的火点密集区有较好的对应关系,4次污染过程与老挝西北部及泰国与其相邻区域的生物质燃烧关系密切;1次污染过程的主要潜在源区主要在当地,当地建筑施工、交通运输、生物质燃烧和餐饮行业细颗粒物的排放会导致勐腊县空气质量出现明显下降.为验证勐腊县连续污染过程受到了周边国家烧荒的影响,利用逐日气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Thickness,AOT）对2020年3月23-4月9日的污染过程进行了个例分析,发现AOT大值区位于勐腊上风方向,高浓度污染物持续稳定地向勐腊传输导致勐腊出现持续重污染.