我国淡水水生生物镉基准研究

研究了Cd对我国淡水水生生物的毒性效应,包括43种生物的急性毒性数据和14种生物的慢性毒性数据.同时,参照美国环境保护署（USEPA）颁布的水质基准计算方法,按照基准最大浓度（CMC）和基准连续浓度（CCC）计算了我国淡水水生生物的Cd基准.结果表明,我国淡水生物Cd基准的CMC值和CCC值分别为2.1 μg·L-1和0.23 μg·L-1,与美国淡水生物Cd的基准值有一定差别,研究结果为我国的Cd水质标准研究提供了参考依据.     

环渤海地区Hg、As、Cr、Pb污染健康风险评价

以菲律宾蛤为指示物种,并利用美国环保署提出的人体健康风险评价模式从人类的角度对中国渤海海域不同地区(双台子河口生态监控区-盘锦、锦州湾生态监控区-锦州、滦河口北戴河生态监控区-北戴河、渤海湾生态监控区-天津、黄河口生态监控区-东营、莱州湾生态监控区-莱州以及大连市营城子、鲅鱼圈)的近岸海域生态监控区Cr、Pb、Hg、As的污染状况作出一个系统的健康风险评价。结果表明:几个地区的非致癌污染物Hg风险等级处于Ⅰ级,对于人类不构成任何威胁;致癌污染物Pb的风险等级为Ⅰ级,同样对人类也不构成任何威胁,As的风险等级基本处于Ⅲ级水平,为人类可接受水平,但Cr的风险等级基本处于Ⅴ级等级范围,可能会对人类产生一定的威胁,需要进一步研究。     

应用Abraham方程研究有机污染物对七种水生生物的毒性

通过研究141种对7种水生生物(发光菌、江水细菌、绿藻、大型溞、鲤鱼、黑头呆鱼,古比鱼)的毒性,建立了非极性麻醉型和极性麻醉型有机物的毒性与辛醇/水分配系数的对数lg Kow的相关性,并对该相关性进行了理论解释.同时,建立了Abraham参数与7种水生生物毒性的预测模型,根据Abraham参数和预测模型的系数,对有机污染物与生物毒性作用机理进行了理论分析.在此基础上,对Abraham毒性模型回归系数进行主成分分析,发现有机污染物对7种水生生物的毒性机理具有一定种间相似性和种间差异性,通过有机污染物对7种水生生物种间相关性研究发现,近缘物种种间具有良好的相关性,说明这些物种具有较相似的毒性作用机理,而非近缘物种种间相关性较差,说明这些物种种间毒性机理存在一定差异.     

Aquatic ecological health assessment of Shaying River Basin based on indices of physico-chemistry and aquatic organisms北大核心CSCD

With a variety of ecosystem services, river ecosystem plays an important role in the process of human society development. On the other hand, health condition of most aquatic ecosystems is seriously threatened by human activities. Restoring and maintaining a healthy ecosystem has already become a vital goal of river management. As a basis of river management, river health assessment is therefore particularly important. Based on indices of physics, chemistry and aquatic organisms, this research tried to establish a comprehensive evaluation system of aquatic ecological health suitable for the situation of Shaying River Basin. The system included 6 factors including riparian zone, river morphology, nutrients, oxygen balance, periphyton and benthic macroinvertebrates, which were defined into 19 indices reflecting the aquatic ecological health from different aspects. The assessment results indicated that the health condition of overall basin was normal, varying among different parts of the region, with Shahe River, Lihe River and Beiru River in the upper part sub-healthy, and Jialu River in the same part sub-sick. The middle region was generally in normal or sub-sick level; the health condition of the lower part was comparatively better due to a good condition. Within the indices, the nutrients and benthic macroinvertebrates were the major constraining factors to the health condition of Shaying River Basin for their poor health condition. The health conditions showed significant differences among the rivers (P < 0.01), with Jialu River being the worst. The result indicated that the aquatic ecological health of Shaying River Basin is affected by many factors, with urban and industrial sewage being the main ones, And that different protective measures should be employed for rivers of different conditions. The result can provide theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of Shaying River Basin and reasonable exploitation and conservation of the water resource of the whole Huaihe River Basin.     

临江河水生生物体中重金属含量的模糊评价

水体的环境变化直接影响着水生生物的质量,重金属在水生生物中的富集含量,在很大程度上说明水生生物受污染的状况。本文主要研究评价了临江河水生生物中重金属的状况,为该河水生生物资源的开发利用提供科学依据。      

森林生态系统生态资产核算的模式与方法

全球变化背景下.植被对CO2的减排作用得到了广泛关注.森林生态系统具有诸多功能,不同功能的货币化基准难以统一,是进行总体生态资产价值定量核算的制约要素.在资源、环境与生态经济原理指导下,分析相关方法评估生态系统生态资产的可行性,选择量化评估参数,并通过多种模式与方法进行估算乌鲁木齐城市2004年森林生态系统的生态资产.森林生态系统涵养水源类、生物多样性维持类、净化空气类、保护土壤类以及大气调节类生态资产分别为0.224 8×108元、10.608 8x108元、0.630 8×108元、0.2592×108元及12.9653×108元,乌鲁木齐市森林生态总资产为24.6889×108元.各类生态资产具有一定的时空差异性.城市森林生态系统生态资产估算模式及方法的研究具有重要的理论价值与现实意义.     

Role of peat organic matter on isotopic composition of most abundant benthic organisms in intertidal habitats of SW Iceland

The transfer of peat organic matter (OM) from tidal pools of upper littoral to downstream rocky shores and its potential incorporation into marine biota were investigated using the stable isotope approach. Samplings were carried out in September 2004 in two SW Icelandic sites (Osar and Hvassahraun), where we selected (1) areas with shores where grass gently declined towards rocks and, on reaching the sea line, formed small tidal peat pools and (2) areas where grass and rocky shores were not contiguous, rather the grass lower limits were several hundreds of meters back from the shore. In both grass and no grass areas, in the intertidal zone, all benthic organisms and all potential OM sources were sampled. Dominant macroalgae were Ascophyllum nodosum ([Linnaeus] Le Jolis) and Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus. In grass sites, organisms partially reflected the isotopic composition of peat OM, while in no grass sites, peat represented only a negligible amount of available OM, or its signal was totally absent from the environment. Intertidal organisms could rely on peat both directly by suspension feeding, grazing or scavenging and indirectly by predation (crabs) on low level consumers (barnacles).     

同步反硝化聚磷的试验研究

采用SBR反应器和人工合成废水研究了同步反硝化聚磷的条件和影响因素.试验结果表明,厌氧/好氧方式下驯养的生物除磷污泥,在厌氧期之后供给硝酸盐,则污泥可以很快实现同步反硝化聚磷.聚磷前厌氧阶段的存在是实现反硝化聚磷必不可少的重要前提.在没有NO₃^-干扰而且乙酸钠为唯一碳源下,最佳厌氧时间为60min.先于缺氧期微生物接触硝酸盐,会使反硝化聚磷减弱甚至丧失.缺氧段NO₃^--浓度是影响反硝化聚磷效果的因素之一.在厌氧(2h)-缺氧(1h)-好氧(2h)的试验条件下,当NO₃^--N浓度由5mg/L上升至20mg/L时,其反硝化聚磷效率由11.9%上升至48.7%.但NO₃^--N浓度提高到了20mg/L以上时,其效率提高得不很明显.好氧段的存在不会使诱导形成的反硝化聚磷消失,但缩短好氧时间有助于提高DNPA在除磷中的比例.     

镍对活性污泥生物除磷的影响及其机理

以实际生活污水为研究对象,在序批式活性污泥反应器中探究了Ni2+对活性污泥形态及生物除磷性能的影响。实验结果表明,Ni2+能够抑制生物除磷,当Ni2+质量浓度由0 mg/L增加至10.0 mg/L时,PO43--P去除率由93%下降至12%。机理研究结果表明：Ni2+能抑制聚磷微生物的厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷,并能抑制内聚物聚羟基烷酸酯（PHA）的合成;当Ni2+质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时,PHA的最大含量仅为2.4 mmol/g （以单位质量挥发性悬浮物所含PHA中C的物质的量计）,远低于空白组中PHA的含量。此外,Ni2+还对微生物群落的组成产生影响,并促进活性污泥中聚糖微生物的增殖。     

西湖与青山水库底栖动物群落的研究

通过对杭州市的两个主要水体西湖和青山水库的底栖动物群落包括种类组成、优势种群、生物量等的比较研究。西湖和青山水库底栖动物群落主要由寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫组成 ,存在适应低溶氧、耐有机污染的种群。从底栖动物群落生态学角度评价了西湖和青山水库水体的营养化程度。