Tenax萃取技术用于养殖底泥中有机氯农药的生物有效性研究

本研究以经济底栖生物菲律宾蛤仔和河蚬为受试生物,分别对不同浓度梯度的海洋和淡水底泥中9种代表性有机氯农药(OCPs)进行累积实验;同时采用Tenax连续萃取法研究2类底泥中OCPs的脱附动力学,提供简单、快速评价养殖底泥中OCPs生物有效性的方法,并将Tenax萃取结果与2种底栖生物的累积结果进行比较。结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔和河蚬对OCPs的生物-底泥富集因子(BSAF)分别为0.31~1.89和0.12~2.12,且底泥中有机碳标化的OCPs浓度与生物体内脂肪标化的OCPs浓度之间的相关性较差。Tenax脱附动力学的结果表明,2类底泥中OCPs的快速脱附比例(F_(rap))均在50%左右,其快速、慢速和极慢速脱附速率常数数量级分别为10~(~(-1))、10~(-2)和10~(-4)。Tenax快速脱附组分与2种底栖生物累积结果之间具有良好的相关性(r~2=0.75,P0.0001),表明Tenax萃取技术可以预测OCPs在底栖生物体内的累积量,并且该方法克服了大型底栖生物累积实验结果重复性较差等缺点。另外通过与基于热力学平衡的方法对比发现,Tenax萃取技术更适用于滤食性或可消化底泥的底栖生物对底泥污染物的富集;同时Tenax 6 h和24 h单点萃取技术可以作为简单快速评价底泥疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)生物有效性的替代方法,进一步为养殖领域的底泥污染状况以及相关水产品的质量安全和食用风险提供生物有效性评价依据。     

3种典型有机氯农药对锦鲤幼鱼的雌激素效应及其体内富集

为研究3种典型有机氯农药(%-六六六、p,p'-DDT和七氯)低浓度暴露对锦鲤幼鱼的雌激素效应及其体内富集效应,将锦鲤幼鱼暴露于有机氯农药的6个浓度组中进行20 d慢性毒性试验,测量血清中游离钙和蛋白结合磷含量及体内各组织有机氯农药残留。结果表明,在低浓度暴露20 d后,锦鲤幼鱼血清中游离钙和蛋白结合磷含量均随暴露浓度增加而呈先增后减之势,产生了明显的雌激素效应。p,p'-DDT在鱼体各组织中的富集能力远高于%-六六六和七氯;p,p'-DDT主要在鱼油中富集,其次为鱼肝、鱼鳃和鱼皮;%-六六六和七氯主要在鱼肝中富集,其次为鱼皮、鱼鳃和鱼油;3种有机氯农药在鱼肉中的富集相对较少。     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药（Organochlorine pesticides, OCPs）曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

有机氯农药在东方白鹳组织里的浓度

对越冬迁徙期间中途停留在天津北大港的野生鸟类-东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana）体内肌肉、肝脏、心脏、胃和脾中∑OCPs浓度进行了检测.各组织中检出的∑OCPs平均浓度（浓度范围,以脂重计）在心脏中最高,为955.30ng/g（88.65～4102.577ng/g）,次之为肝脏,平均浓度为465.55ng/g（37.96～1476.17ng/g）,再次之为胃、脾和肌肉,浓度分别为251.64ng/g（102.88～354.61ng/g）、176.5ng/g（158.72～194.50ng/g）和143.96ng/g（10.90～800.51ng/g）.在肝脏和心脏中∑DDTs和浓度高于∑HCHs,在其它组织中则相反.与其它研究相比,本研究所检测鸟体内有机氯浓度较低,表明这批东方白鹳并尚未受到环境中OCPs的严重污染.     

Persistent organochlorine contaminants in human tissues of the Czech and Slovak populations

The persistence of lipophilic organochlorine substances leads to their incorporation into the food chain and subsequent uptake by humans. Due to their use in the past, Czech and Slovak countries belong to the countries with a relatively high body burden of organochlorines. Levels of PCBs in human tissues based on the congener‐specific analysis are reported in this paper. Samples were analysed for the most abundant PCB congeners. Prevalent persistent organochlorine pesticides and their isomers/metabolites have also been included. The present study is focused on following areas: i) distribution of analysed substances in the various human tissue samples from selected regions of the Czech and Slovak Republic and ii) comparison with the results from other foreign and local studies.     

Study of Fishes in the Chung-Kung Stream: Species Distribution and Organochlorine Pesticide Residues

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the potential for reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) by municipal sewage sludge adapted to 2,4-DCP at different concentrations. 2,4-DCP was completely dechlorinated within 4 weeks. After 18 weeks' incubation, 2,4,6-TCP was also completely dechlorinated and the residue of PCP was 0, 44.46, 51.96% at 0.5, 5, and 50 μg ml¹ respectively. the 2,4-DCP adapted communities initially removed the ortho-chlorine from PCP of 5.0, 50 μg ml¹, following an ortho < para < meta order of chlorine removal. Intermediate products were 3,4,5-TCP, 3,5-DCP, 3-CP (3-chlorophenol), phenol, benzoate and hexanoic acids, whereas PCP (0.5 μg ml¹) indicated a preference for meta-chlorine removal. the intermediate product of 2,4,6-TCP at three concentrations were 2,4-DCP, phenol, benzoate and hexanoic acid. These products were identified by GC-MASS spectrometry. the effects of supplements, including sodium citrate (0.08 mM), sodium pyruvate (0.18 mM), sodium sulphate (0.14 mM) had a direct stimulatory effect on the dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP and PCP after treatment for 4 weeks, but dechlorination was inhibited after 8 weeks.     

Accumulation of Organochlorine Compounds in Oysters (Crassostrea Gasar) of an Estuarine Environment: Case of A Tropical Lagoon in the Gulf of Guinea

As part of a pollution monitoring study, oysters (Crassostrea gasar) were sampled in June 1996, in order to determine the concentrations and distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in two stations (near Boulay Island and Riviera Golf) of the Ebrie Lagoon, in the Abidjan area.

The chromatographic analysis of the oven dried samples revealed the presence of PCBs (2.13 to 86.22 ppb or ng/g dry weight), DDE (<0.48 to 169.55 ppb), DDD (<1.04 to 60.27 ppb), DDT (1.43 to 77.81 ppb, lindane (<0.22 to 91.64 ppb), aldrin (<0.30 to 154.1 ppb), endrin (<0.23 to 293.31 ppb) and dieldrin (<0.26 to 199.74 ppb). the results indicated high concentrations in oysters sampled near Boulay Island, due to industrial, agricultural and port activities going on in this area.

Compared to DDD/ΣDDT and DDT/ΣDDT, the DDE/ΣDDT ratios were high indicating old DDT inputs. the ΣDDT/PCBs ratios were higher than 1 illustrated the predominance of organochlorine inputs from agriculture activities. the presence of lindane in both stations illustrated the problem of fishing with toxic products.

Negative correlations found between dry tissue weight and organochlorine compounds concentrations showed that young oysters may concentrate more of these substances. More studies are needed in order to make any conclusions on their bioaccumulation trends.     

GC-MS测定土壤中阿特拉津、六氯苯等十种农药残留

建立了气相色谱-质谱-选择离子监测(GC-MS-SIM)同时测定土壤中10种农药(三嗪类除草剂、酰胺类除草剂和有机氯农药)的多残留分析方法.样品采用正己烷/丙酮(1:1,V/V)超声提取、氟罗里硅土柱层析净化、GC-MS-SIM测定.10种农药在0.01(0.02)-1.0(2.0)mg·l~(-1)范围内线性良好,相关系数介于0.9963-0.9998之间;在10,50和250 ng·g~(-1)添加水平下,平均回收率介于81%-117%之间,相对标准偏差均小于14.4%;方法检出限达到ppb至sub-ppb级(0.1-1.3 ng·g~(-1)).将此方法应用于辽宁省不同性质土壤中70个实际土壤样品的分析,阿特拉津、乙草胺、六氯苯、丁草胺、狄氏剂和艾氏剂有检出,该法对不同性质土壤具有广泛适用性.     

乌鲁木齐地区土壤中有机氯农药残留特征及来源分析

在乌鲁木齐地区,采集了28个表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱法对土壤中有机氯农药残留进行了分析,揭示了乌鲁木齐地区土壤中有机氯农药的残留水平,分布及来源.结果表明,研究区域内土壤中DDTs,HCHs和甲氧滴滴涕均有较高的检出率(68%~93%),是土壤中的主要污染物.乌鲁木齐表层土壤中OCPs的含量在16.40~84.86μg/kg,平均值为(41.89±16.25)μg/kg.有机氯组成特征表明,土壤中有机氯农药残留主要来源于历史上的使用.土壤有机碳是影响有机氯分布的重要因素.与国内外同类研究及中国土壤环境质量标准相比较发现,研究区土壤中DDTs、HCHs的残留均处于较低水平.     

挖掘扰动对污染场地空气中六六六、滴滴涕分布的影响

以某废弃有机氯农药厂污染场地的修复过程为对象,应用被动空气采样技术研究了挖掘扰动对污染场地及周边区域空气中ρ(HCHs)(HCHs为六六六)、ρ(DDTs)(DDTs为滴滴涕)分布的影响. 结果表明:在挖掘扰动过程中污染场地及周边空气中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)显著增加,其中污染场地挖掘区空气中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)抬升最大, ρ(HCHs)为23.36~494.39 ng/m3,平均值为(141.54±114.54)ng/m3;ρ(DDTs)为14.78~539.09ng/m3,平均值为(201.69±143.88)ng/m3. 居民区空气中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)抬升最小, ρ(HCHs)为(4.36~29.00 ng/m3),平均值为(13.59±7.75)ng/m3;ρ(DDTs)为3.03~42.88 ng/m3,平均值为(13.37±11.53)ng/m3. 挖掘扰动增强了空气流动,使空气中扬尘增加,从而改变了空气中污染物单体的组成比例,其中β-HCH、δ-HCH、o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDT所占比例升高,而其余单体所占比例降低. 空气中污染物ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)与温度呈正相关,与风速呈负相关. 因此,在对该类污染场地修复过程中,应该尽量避免在高温或强对流气候条件下挖掘施工,施工时应减少扬尘,以降低二次污染风险.