Effects of Recent Volcanic Eruptions on Aquatic Habitat in the Drift River, Alaska, USA: Implications at Other Cook Inlet Region Volcanoes

/ Numerous drainages supporting productive salmon habitat are surrounded by active volcanoes on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska. Eruptions have caused massive quantities of flowing water and sediment to enter the river channels emanating from glaciers and snowfields on these volcanoes. Extensive damage to riparian and aquatic habitat has commonly resulted, and benthic macroinvertebrate and salmonid communities can be affected. Because of the economic importance of Alaska's fisheries, detrimental effects on salmonid habitat can have significant economic implications. The Drift River drains glaciers on the northern and eastern flanks of Redoubt Volcano. During and following eruptions in 1989-1990, severe physical disturbances to the habitat features of the river adversely affected the fishery. Frequent eruptions at other Cook Inlet region volcanoes exemplify the potential effects of volcanic activity on Alaska's important commercial, sport, and subsistence fisheries. Few studies have documented the recovery of aquatic habitat following volcanic eruptions. The eruptions of Redoubt Volcano in 1989-1990 offered an opportunity to examine the recovery of the macroinvertebrate community. Macroinvertebrate community composition and structure in the Drift River were similar in both undisturbed and recently disturbed sites. Additionally, macroinvertebrate samples from sites in nearby undisturbed streams were highly similar to those from some Drift River sites. This similarity and the agreement between the Drift River macroinvertebrate community composition and that predicted by a qualitative model of typical macroinvertebrate communities in glacier-fed rivers indicate that the Drift River macroinvertebrate community is recovering five years after the disturbances associated with the most recent eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. KEY WORDS: Aquatic habitat; Volcanoes; Lahars; Lahar-runout flows; Macroinvertebrates; Community structure; Community composition; Taxonomic similarity     

基于景观结构的区域生态风险分析

以深圳市龙华镇为中心的324km²正方形区域为例,以1988～1996年期间的5幅景观遥感解译图为基本信息源,根据不同时段景观元素的结构特征,构造一个综合性生态风险指数,利用系统空间采样方法对生态风险指数进行变量空间化．通过对生态风险指数采样结果进行半变异函数分析和空间插值,可以解释生态风险的空间特征和内在形成机制．结果表明,1988～1996年,工作区内的生态风险强度不断增加,区域分布的不均匀性增大;南北方向为景观人为改造活动的主方向;沿梅澜和石龙两条高速公路沿线形成两条带状高生态风险区域,其中龙华镇中心及周围地区是急需采取保护性措施的重点区域．     

活性炭纤维的表面结构及其吸附模式

迄今的吸附模式,Henry定律、Langmuir模型、BET模型、D-R方程、D-A方程都分别适用于不同的表面结构,对于活性炭纤维（Activated Corbon Fiber,ACF）这种特殊的炭吸附材料适用于哪种吸附模型,未见有文献专题论述。本论文在对ACF材料进行了大量表面结构研究的基础上,对ACF的表面结构与颗粒活性炭（GranularActivated Carbon,GAC）的表面进行了对比,并尝试性地对适用于ACF的吸附模式进行了计算和比较,得到了一些有价值的结论。     

絮凝剂PAN-DCD的结构和性质研究

以聚丙烯腈（ＰＡＮ）和双腈双胺（ＤＣＤ）为原料,合成了有机絮凝剂ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ。用ＩＲ、１ＨＮＭＲ和１３ＣＮＭＲ等方法对其结构进行了表征,探讨了ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ溶解度随ｐＨ值变化的规律,研究了ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ对活性染料的絮凝脱色和去除ＣＯＤＣｒ的性能。结果表明,ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ是侧链带有多种极性基团的聚合物;在酸性条件下溶解度较小,碱性条件下溶解度较大;在加入量较少的情况下使活性染料的脱色率接近１００％,并对ＣＯＤＣｒ的去除有较大贡献。     

包含共振机理的声子晶体声屏障设计与降噪性能测试

针对轮胎-路面噪声,基于U型理论模型探究并优化了3种腔体形式声子晶体的能带结构,最终设计出一种"宽频多带"的沙漏型声子晶体,并以此为基础建立了新型交通声屏障,且进行了降噪性能测试.结果表明:对于噪声特征频段覆盖率,沙漏型＞锥型＞直线型,且禁带范围可通过腔体尺寸进行有效调整;对于声子晶体声屏障降噪效果,将Bragg散射与...     

China’s carbon neutrality: an extensive and profound systemic reform

● China has pledged ambitious carbon peak and neutrality goals for mitigating global climate change. ● Major challenges to achieve carbon neutrality in China are summarized. ● The new opportunities along the pathway of China’s carbon neutrality are discussed from four aspects. ● Five policy suggestions for China are provided. China is the largest developing economy and carbon dioxide emitter in the world, the carbon neutrality goal of which will have a profound influence on the mitigation pathway of global climate change. The transition towards a carbon-neutral society is integrated into the construction of ecological civilization in China, and brings profound implications for China’s socioeconomic development. Here, we not only summarize the major challenges in achieving carbon neutrality in China, but also identify the four potential new opportunities: namely, the acceleration of technology innovations, narrowing regional disparity by reshaping the value of resources, transforming the industrial structure, and co-benefits of pollution and carbon mitigation. Finally, we provide five policy suggestions and highlight the importance of balancing economic growth and carbon mitigation, and the joint efforts among the government, the enterprises, and the residents.     

十溴二苯乙烷对蚯蚓亚急性毒性及微生物群落结构影响

新型溴系阻燃剂十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)生产和使用量日益增大,在环境中的检出率越来越高,其生态风险正受到广泛关注.然而,有关DBDPE对陆地无脊椎生物毒性效应以及微生物群落结构的影响知之甚少.探究了不同剂量(5、10、20、50和100mg·kg-1)DBDPE暴露对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)生长、行为...     

汶川地震后砌体结构房屋震害调查分析

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震后,根据四川省什邡市5幢砌体结构房屋震害的现场检测记录,以案例形式比较了房屋不同的结构形式、墙体布局、层间刚度比、构造柱设置、悬挑阳台、变形缝和选址等概念设计因素对结构抗震性能的影响,分析了结构发生各种损坏的原因,并对砌体结构房屋抗震设计提出建议。     

华北暴雨云和降水的中/微尺度结构特征(Ⅰ)——一次暴雨的天气背景研究

为研究华北暴雨形成时的中尺度与微尺度的结构特征,选取发生于2005年7月22-24日的一次华北暴雨过程为研究对象,利用1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料和0.05°×0.05°的FY2C红外TBB资料,对此次暴雨过程发生时的天气形势、水汽输送、大气稳定度、云场特征进行了分析.结果表明:此次暴雨过程是在登陆台风和西风槽的共同影响下产生的,高空槽后的西风急流入侵到华北北部,低层副高西侧的东南急流位于华北东部,使得华北地区上空形成了有利于触发对流的低层辐合和高层辐散的天气形势.低层印度季风与我国南海夏季风对水汽的北上有重要作用,还有一部分水汽系来自副高西侧的东南风急流输送;高层水汽主要是由偏东气流经副高西侧向西,然后转向北输送到华北;华北地区的低层存在较强的水汽辐合,高层存在相对较弱的水汽辐散区,这为暴雨发生提供了必要的水汽条件.     

邀山阁游客流量控制研究

邀山阁是一座4层砖石结构楼阁,目前西北角墙体倾斜严重且墙体、石柱存在竖向裂缝。基于保护邀山阁的需要,应用等效体积单元(RVE)进行墙体的有限元分析,通过调整弹性模量和优化有限元模型来模拟砌体带裂缝时的工作状态;在应力值及其变化值比较大的关键部位选取了26个控制点,进行应力包络分析;在合理的安全系数和游客荷载最不利工况下,得到了邀山阁游客的合理控制数量。本研究将有益于古建筑的长期保护和合理开发利用。