废水处理中pH值计算机模糊控制系统的设计

酸碱中和是化工废水处理中的一个重要环节。本ｐＨ值控制系统采用ＰＩＤ控制和模糊控制并列转换形式,当系统的偏差较小时,采用ＰＩＤ法进行流程控制;而当系统的偏差较大时,采用计算机模糊控制。介绍ｐＨ值计算机模糊控制系统设计原理与模糊控制器的实现,包括模糊化处理、模糊规则库的建立、模糊计算和反模糊化处理。在废水处理工艺流程中采用该控制方法可获得高效、稳定的控制效果。     

香港城市固体废物系统管理

本文以大量翔实的数据介绍了香港对城市固体废物的系统管理,即分类、收集、监测分析、处理和预测评价。香港环保署自８０ 年代开始对城市固体废物进行监测并系统管理。在全港设置了３ 个大型策略性填埋场、５ 个垃圾转运站、１ 个垃圾焚烧厂（１９９７ 年５ 月关闭） 和１个化学废物处理中心。目前,香港政府正筹建一个新的、技术先进的焚烧厂。从１９８６ ～１９９７年,这些废物处理设施处理全港废物量为８９６０ ～２４３００ｔ／ｄ,其中城市固体废物比例每年不等,最低为３０ ．７ ％ ,最高为６５ ．５ ％ 。１９９７ 年,这些废物中可循环再利用物接近５０ ％ ,出口部分达１２０ 多万吨,回收资金２０ 多亿港元。根据历年来城市固体废物量与本地生产总值（ＧＤＰ）和人口数量的密切相关性,预测出２０１１ 年城市固体废物人均产率为２ ．５６ｋｇ／ 人·ｄ, 城市固体废物量为１２８１０ ｔ／ｄ。城市固体废物系统管理紧迫而重要,香港的经验是值得我们借鉴的。     

高浓度难降解乳化废水湿式氧化影响因素研究

在2L高压间歇反应釜中,系统地研究了湿式氧化对乳化液废水的CODCr,TOC去除效果及影响因素。研究表明:温度是影响湿式氧化效果的关键因素,湿式氧化温度以220℃为宜,进水CODCr质量浓度为48000mg L时反应2h,CODCr和TOC去除率分别达86 4%,79 5%;供氧不足氧化受到显著限制,供氧量以(1 0～1 25)p(O2) 为宜;该法在较宽浓度范围内仍具有良好的处理效果;进水pH值对有机物氧化影响较小。      

A COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY PROTECTION IN THE CATAWBA BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to perform a cost‐benefit analysis of maintaining the current level of water quality in the Catawba River basin. Economic benefits were estimated using a stated preference survey method designed to value respondents' willingness to pay for a management plan to protect water quality in the Catawba basin over time. From the surveys conducted with 1,085 area residents, we calculated an annual mean willingness to pay of $139 for the management plan, or more than $75.4 million for all taxpayers in the area. Over the five‐year time horizon in which respondents were asked to pay for the management plan, this resulted in a total economic benefit of $340.1 million. The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework model was used to estimate the amount of management activities needed to protect the current level of water quality in the basin over time. Based on the model results, the total cost of the management plan was calculated to be $244.8 million over a ten‐year period. The resulting cost‐benefit analysis indicated that the potential benefits of this management plan would outweigh the costs by more than $95 million.     

乙烯菌核利在水溶液中的光解动力学

以高压汞灯和太阳光为光源,研究乙烯菌核利在重蒸水、自来水、湖水及pH缓冲液中的光解动力学。高压汞灯下,乙烯菌核利在重蒸水中的光解半衰期约为28 m in,而在太阳光下为3.86 h。自来水和湖水中溶解性物质对乙烯菌核利在高压汞灯下的光解动力学仅有微弱的淬灭效应,但在太阳光下表现出显著的敏化效应,照光3 h的敏化效率分别为138%和126%。2种光源下,pH 5.0和pH 7.0缓冲液对乙烯菌核利的光解均表现为光淬灭效应,高压汞灯照光60 m in的淬灭效率分别为69%和57%,太阳光照光7 h的淬灭效率分别为77%和33%;pH 9.0缓冲液则表现出显著的敏化效应,高压汞灯照光20 m in的敏化效率为58%,而太阳光照光1 h的敏化效率则达到了415%。     

煤矿独头巷道受限贴附射流数值计算及结果分析

独头巷道压入式通风的风筒一般布置在独头巷道的侧壁,风筒出口的位置在巷道侧壁的中部,与迎头保持一定的最小距离。根据现场实际情况,同时为了便于分析,通过建立独头巷道受限贴附射流通风物理模型,确定边界条件和网格划分,进行数值计算,得到流场等值线图,表明了贴附射流的形成过程,并对其结果进行分析。     

基于两阶段模糊熵权的震灾抢修抢建价值评估模型

面对地震对工程的破坏与抢修抢建需求,提出一种两阶段模糊熵权的抢修抢建工程价值评估模型。探究地震作用下抢修抢建工程价值特征体系的参数、变化趋势等特征,给出工程项目价值指标的混合判断矩阵,集成模糊熵权方法对工程项目价值指标阶段、准则阶段进行层次化评估,确定工程项目的抢修抢建相对价值系数。模型应用于震后抢修抢建案例,得到工程项目隐含的权值信息,据此得到抢修抢建案例的价值系数及执行序列。     

生命经济价值研究

正确估算人的生命经济价值,对于正确评价企业安全投资的经济效益有着重要的意义。在借鉴国内外计算方法的基础上,选择马克思的劳动价值论及其最新研究成果与现代人力资本理论作为立论的基础。设计了生命价值新的计算模型。不仅为个人在各种事故中的赔偿和涉及人身的各种民事诉讼提供仲裁或判决依据,而且为科学的安全投入决策提供了新的视角和依据。     

Physico-chemical characterization of Residual Household Waste for energy recovery in insular territories: Case study of Reunion Island

Waste-to-energy is a promising approach to face the current challenge of waste overproduction in Reunion Island, a French territory. In this particular context of an isolated and tropical territory, it is essential to study the properties of potential feedstocks to choose the most appropriate conversion process. This article reports on the composition of Residual Household Waste from Reunion Island and its physico-chemical parameters. Twelve representative samples of Residual Household Waste were subjected to thermal and elemental analysis. The results showed that their composition had a significant influence on the physico-chemical properties, including calorific value. Residual Household Waste from the selective sorting (rich in wood, plastic, and sanitary textiles) as well as dry mixed RHW are the most interesting for energy recovery. Due to their high volatile matter and high carbon content, and their low moisture content, these types of waste have a high calorific value exceeding 18 MJ/kg. Furthermore, the RHW sample comply with the environmental and health criteria applied by French regulations concerning halogen and heavy metal. Thus, it seems that Residual Household Waste can be an alternative to conventional fuels used in incineration or pyro-gasification processes. However, the study also points the need for a pre-treatment process for these wastes. Indeed, it is necessary to sort them correctly in order to avoid the risks of pollution and important maintenance. And more importantly, drying beforehand is unavoidable to improve combustibility and obtain optimal energy conversion.     

碳标签对低碳购买意愿的作用路径研究——基于亲社会行为调节的中介效应

降低消费阶段的碳排放量对实现国家“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。在此背景下,本研究从碳标签出发,引入“亲社会行为”这一变量,提出研究假设并构建了消费者低碳购买意愿的模型,利用调查问卷和结构方程模型进行数据分析,探究碳标签对消费者低碳购买意愿的影响,并分析亲社会行为在其中的调节作用。研究结果显示,碳标签认知、碳标签宣传均直接影响消费者的低碳购买意愿,碳标签公信力对低碳购买意愿没有直接影响;感知价值和购买态度在碳标签相关因素与低碳购买意愿之间起到完全或部分中介作用;亲社会行为在感知价值和购买态度对低碳购买意愿产生中介效应的链路上具有调节作用。基于研究结果,本文从提高消费者碳标签的认知水平、增强碳标签的宣传效果、提升碳标签的公信力、倡导亲社会的低碳行为等方面提出对策建议,以期通过政府、企业和消费者的多方努力,促进消费者积极参与低碳消费,实现消费领域的低碳变革。