喀斯特石漠化的研究现状与存在的问题

喀斯特石漠化是土地荒漠化的主要类型之一。喀斯特生态系统的脆弱性决定了喀斯特生态系统的易损性和退化喀斯特生态系统的难恢复性,但它与发生石漠化并没必然的联系,喀斯特石漠化是岩溶生态系统退化的结果,而不是喀斯特生态系统脆弱性的必然表现。故所指的喀斯特石漠化,特指人为加速的石漠化,属于人为荒漠化的一种类型,但强调喀斯特石漠化的人为成因性,并不是否定自然背景对喀斯特生态系统的制约作用。石漠化土地的分类既要能反映出石漠化发生的严重程度,也要能体现石漠化土地的成因和岩性地貌等地质背景对生态学过程的影响,因此,作者提出以“土地利用类型+植被+岩性+地貌+石漠化程度”对人为加速石漠化过程中石漠化土地进行类型划分,以正确评价石漠化土地的生态环境价值。     

铅蓄电池厂污染土壤中重金属铅的清洗及形态变化分析

以我国西南某铅蓄电池厂区内不同污染负荷的铅污染土壤为研究对象,对其中铅含量和形态进行分析,并利用不同清洗剂清洗进行筛选.对不同pH条件下铅的清洗效率和铅形态进行分析,并对不同粒径土壤进行不同时间清洗以确定最佳清洗时间.结果表明,厂区内A和B点土壤污染严重,分别达到15 703.22 mg.kg-1和1 747.78 mg.kg-1,活动态铅比例较大,残渣态仅占17.32%、11.64%、14.6%和10.2%.EDTA、盐酸、柠檬酸、鼠李糖脂和SDS这5种清洗剂中EDTA和盐酸的提取效果最好.酸性条件下的清洗不仅能有效地提取铅总量并能有效地减小铅活动态的环境风险,建议pH 4～7最为合适.粗沙粒和细沙粒的清洗效果较好,清洗粉黏粒建议改进工艺,清洗时间定为240 min效果最好.     

Escherichia coli inactivation by pressurized CO2 treatment methods at room temperature: Critical issues

This study aims to increase the inactivation efficiency of CO_2 against Escherichia coli under mild conditions to facilitate the application of pressurized CO_2 technology in water disinfection. Based on an aerating-cycling apparatus, three different treatment methods(continuous aeration, continuous reflux, and simultaneous aeration and reflux) were compared for the same temperature, pressure(0.3–0.7 MPa), initial concentration, and exposure time(25 min). The simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment(combined method) was shown to be the best method under optimum conditions, which were determined to be 0.7 MPa, room temperature, and an exposure time of 10 min. This treatment achieved 5.1-log reduction after 25 min of treatment at the pressure of 0.3 MPa and 5.73-log reduction after 10 min at 0.7 MPa. Log reductions of 4.4 and 5.0 occurred at the end of continuous aeration and continuous reflux treatments at 0.7 MPa, respectively.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images suggested that cells were ruptured after the simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment and the continuous reflux treatment. The increase of the solubilization rate of CO_2 due to intense hydraulic conditions led to a rapid inactivation effect. It was found that the reduction of intracellular p H caused by CO_2 led to a more lethal bactericidal effect.     

内蒙古地区沙尘暴时间分布特征及其沙尘气溶胶TSP浓度值

沙尘暴是我国北方地区尤其是内蒙古自治区较常见的一种灾害性天气,直接危害工农业生产、人民生活。本文就内蒙古地区沙尘暴的时间特征,沙尘气溶胶TSP浓度值进行了论述,并提出了减轻沙尘暴危害、减少沙尘暴发生次数的建议。     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

关于自然资源的几个问题

本文认为自然资源是有价值的。确立自然资源价值观是解决资源问题、生态环境问题的一项带根本性的对策。自然资源是经济社会发展的物质基础,因此又是一种资产财富,应树立资源资产观念,建立资源资产管理制度,加强产权管理,实行资源所有权和使用权分离,对资源使用部门实行资源有偿使用和转让。自然资源的再生产中应实行产业化,对自然资源应进行核算并纳入国民经济核算体系。这些问题都是在自然资源的保护和开发利用中的一些带根本性的问题,也是在自然资源资产管理制度化和法制化中必须考虑和重视的问题。     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯的动力学研究

实验表明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化在温度20℃、初始pH值6.87条件下对硝基苯的降解均遵循一级反应动力学模型,该条件下单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺对硝基苯的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的氧化作用,同时证明了不同体系温度（10～40℃）和溶液初始pH值（3.00～10.96）下硝基苯的降解同样符合一级反应动力学.2种工艺对硝基苯的降解反应速率都随着温度的升高而增加,单独臭氧氧化的反应速率常数由0.37×10^-3 s^-1升高到1.49×10^-3 s^-1,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化的反应速率常数由0.56×10^-3 s^-1升高到2.46×10^-3 s^-1,温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小.随着pH的升高,单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯降解的反应速率常数从0.15×10^-3 s^-1增加到2.69×10^-3 s^-1,在pH值3.00～9.23范围内,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺反应速率常数从0.17×10^-3 s^-1增加到1.90×10^-3 s^-1,在pH为10.96时反应速率常数下降到1.64×10^-3 s^-1.     

浙中典型富硒土壤区土壤硒含量的影响因素探讨

通过对浙江省中部典型富硒土壤区的系统调查研究,总结了影响土壤硒含量的主要因素.结果表明,地质背景对土壤硒含量有控制作用,汤溪组、之江组和金华组分布区的土壤硒含量明显高于其他地质背景区.研究同时发现,土地利用方式对土壤硒的迁移富集有不可忽视的影响,旱地土壤比水田土壤更易富集硒元素.由于土壤有机质对硒的吸附与固定作用,致使其成为影响硒含量的重要因素之一.除此之外,研究认为土壤质地也是影响土壤硒含量的重要因素,土壤中黏粒含量越多,越黏重,硒含量往往较高.     

后福岛时代中国核能法律制度定位研究

后福岛时代,欧美、亚洲能源消费大国为应对不断增长的能源刚性需求,不同程度地展开核能工业重启步伐。中国核能工业的重启困难重重,核恐慌依然笼罩,核能基本法依然难产。从一般法律、部门法的价值追求分析可见,核能法律制度的价值追求包括自由、安全、公平、和谐等方面,其中又以安全价值最为核心,因此建议中国应构建以安全为核心的核能法律制度。     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soils using TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalyst

TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalysts were prepared and applied in degrading γ-hexachlorocyclohexane(γ-HCH)in soils.After being spiked with γ-HCH,soil samples loaded with the composite photocatalysts were exposed to UV-light irradiation.The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities of the composite photocatalysts varied with the content of TiO2 in the order of 10%＜70%＜50%＜30%.Moreover,the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalysts with TiO2 content 30% was higher than that of the pure P25 with the same mass of TiO2.The strong adsorption capacity of the composite photocatalysts and quantum size effect may contribute to its increased photocatalytic activities.In addition,effect of dosage of composite photocatalysts and soil pH on γ-HCH photodegradation was investigated. Pentachlorocyclohexene,trichlorocyclohexene,and dichlorobenzene were detected as photodegradation intermediates,which were gradually degraded with tlle phOtOdegradation evolution.