居民住宅区内工频电磁场对人体影响分析

根据国内外有关居民住宅区中工频电磁场的相关成果,分析工频电磁场产生的生物学效应及居民住宅区工频电磁场的分布,并结合我国有关工频电磁场的一些标准以及国外的相关标准对前人已测得的居民住宅区内工频电磁场的数据进行分析,得出居民住宅区内工频电磁场对人体不会造成影响的结论。     

炼油污水处理场常见故障及处理

对炼油污水处理场的一般常见故障进行分析、讨论，提出改进意见和随机处理手段。对污水处理场的生产技术管理及污水处理场设计、改造提出见解     

Nitrous oxide emission from an agricultural field: Comparison between measurements by flux chamber and micrometerological techniques

The soil in a drained fjord area, reclaimed for arable farming, produced N₂O mainly at 75–105 cm depth, just above the ground water level. Surface emissions of N₂O were measured from discrete small areas by closed and open-flow chamber methods, using gas chromatographic analysis and over larger areas by integrative methods: flux gradient (analysis by FTIR), conditional sampling (analysis by TDLAS), and eddy covariance (analysis by TDLAS). The mean emission of N₂O as determined by chamber procedures during a 9-day campaign was 162–202 μg N₂ONm⁻²h⁻¹ from a wheat stubble and 328–467 μg N₂ONm⁻² h⁻¹ from a carrot field. The integrative approaches gave N₂O emissions of 149–495 μg N₂ONm⁻² h⁻¹, i.e. a range similar to those determined with the chamber methods. Wind direction affected the comparison of chamber and integrative methods because of patchiness of the N₂O emission over the area. When a uniform area with a single type of vegetation had a dominant effect on the N₂O gradient at the sampling mast, the temporal variation in N₂O emission determined by the flux gradient/FTIR method and chamber methods was very similar, with differences of only 18% or less in mean N₂O emission, well below the variation encountered with the chamber methods themselves. A detailed comparison of FTIR gradient and chamber data taking into account the precise emission footprint showed good agreement. It is concluded that there was no bias between the different approaches used to measure the N₂O emission and that the precision of the measurements was determined by the spatial variability of the N₂O emission at the site and the variability inherent in the individual techniques. These results confirm that measurements of N₂O emissions from different ecosystems obtained by the different methods can be meaningfully compared.     

模拟酸化下水稻土微团聚体Cu2+吸附与解吸的影响

采用低能量超声波分散和冷冻机干燥法提取太湖地区水稻土(黄泥土)微团聚体颗粒,用平衡液吸附法和CaCl2与HCl溶液的连续解吸法研究了它们在pH2～6范围内pH对Cu2 的静电吸附和专性吸附的影响。结果表明,不同粒径的微团聚体颗粒对Cu2 的吸附等温线可都用Freundlich模型来描述。Cu2 吸附量大小以下序递减,粘粒级、砂粒级、粉砂级、粗粉砂级;吸附量受其中游离氧化铁、氧化铝和有机质含量的控制。吸附量随pH升高而增加。低pH条件下利于静电吸附,吸附过程H 减少使平衡液pH上升;高pH条件下主要是专性吸附所控制,释放H 使平衡液pH下降。     

陇东黄土旱塬区几种作物田间耗水量及土壤水分亏缺分异特征

基于陇东黄土干旱塬区轮作及复种模式田间试验土壤水分观测资料，对轮作种植下几种作物的农田耗水量、土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺分异规律及数量特征进行了比较分析．主要结论是：在完全雨养农业生产条件下，降水年型、作物播期和生育期及作物耗水特性不同是引起作物田间耗水量、土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺分异的主要原因；秋播冬小麦田间耗水对播前土壤贮水表现了较大的依赖性，而播前土壤贮水对春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子生长耗水的补偿效应相对较小；秋播与春播作物在农田土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺状况方面的差异也很明显，这表现在无论干旱年还是丰雨年．秋播冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用程度显著高于春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子，而其生育期土壤水分亏缺状况则比春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子严重得多，尽管春播各作物间也存在着一定的差异．     

紫色土稻田磷素淋失特征及其对地下水的影响

采用原状土壤渗漏计在水稻生育期定期采集不同土壤剖面深度的渗漏水,研究了在不同施磷水平下水稻生育期磷素淋失动态和渗漏淋失量及其对地下水的潜在影响,并分析了土壤Olsen-P含量与磷素渗漏量之间的关系,旨在为紫色土区稻田磷肥的合理施用和控制磷对地下水污染提供科学依据.结果表明,在水稻生长期紫色土的磷素渗漏整体呈下降趋势.前期磷素渗漏淋失量高且变幅较大,在施磷后第5d各土层渗漏水中磷素浓度最高;施肥60 d后稻田磷素渗漏淋失负荷显著降低.不同土层和各处理趋于一致.稻田磷素的渗漏淋失受磷肥用量和土壤性质的影响,随着磷肥用量的增加稻田磷的渗漏淋失量增加,3种类型紫色土磷素渗漏淋失量为中性紫色土>钙质紫色土>酸性紫色土.施磷(P2O5)90～180kg·hm-2处理,40cm土层渗漏水中磷的平均浓度在中性、钙质、酸性紫色土上分别为0.13～0.142 mg·L-1、0.097～0.131mg·L-1和0.083～0.109mg·L-1,比不施磷处理高33.1%～38.7%、24.7%～44.3%和34.9%～50.4%,在60cm和100cm深处也有相似的特征.3种类型紫色土的土壤Olsen-P含量与磷素渗漏淋失量之间符合指数关系.渗漏水中磷素浓度随土壤剖面深度的增加而降低.淹水种稻初期是磷向下迁移最强和淋失量最高的时期,3种紫色土在施肥后的60d内对地下水质量产生潜在不良影响.整个水稻生育期磷渗漏量较低,最高磷渗漏量为0.262kg·hm-2.     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

Nitrous oxide emissions in nonflooding period from fallow paddy fields

The study was conducted to investigate the N2O emissions and dissolved N2O in the leachate during the nonflooding period in nongrowing paddy fields.Three kinds of paddy soils were repacked to soil columns and were supersaturated with water initially and dried gradually in a greenhouse to attain the N2O emissions flux during the incubation.Soils with the texture of silty clay-loam (Q and H) produced cracks during the drying of soil,but soil with the texture of silty loam (X) did not form the cracks.Cracked s...     

多频率组合平行正交超声场降解氯苯的研究

文章研究了不同频率以及频率组合下正交和平行超声场降解氯苯溶液的效果,并对氯苯超声降解的动力学进行了分析。实验结果证明:其他条件相同的情况下,采用多频率组合超声场能有效的提高氯苯的降解效果;正交超声场降解效果优于平行超声场;多频超声场中氯苯降解过程符合虚拟一级反应特征,同时给出了3种频率及其频率组合条件下氯苯的超声降解动力学特征方程。     

采空区场流安全理论及其研究的新进展

提出采空区场流安全理论的概念,并对采空区场流流态、瓦斯涌出和自燃“三带”理论及自燃温度等数值模拟计算的发展历程进行概要总结;分析了当前采空区场流安全理论研究的最新进展和发展趋势。指出目前的现代通风安全理论研究正处在前所未有的历史变革时期,即从网络流通风安全理论到场流安全理论的过渡与统一。采空区问题(瓦斯涌出和自燃)应综合考虑特定开采条件下的采场漏风与供氧系统的背景环境。其理论研究的主流方向应是基于场流方法的灾害与各因素影响关系的分析,重点是灾害机理和多灾害间耦合等一般规律;技术手段是多孔介质渗流力学、多相气体扩散、综合传热理论和有限元数值模拟方法,关键是模型求解的收敛稳定性和流场分布解问题。