贵州主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性研究

首次较系统、全面地测定了贵州省主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性，分别探讨了水稻土和旱作土脲酶活性与土壤主要理化性状之间的关系。结果表明：耕作土壤脲酶活性因土壤利用状况、土壤类型和土壤肥力水平不同而有明显的差异，供试水稻土、旱作土和菜园土的平均脲酶活性分别为１５５、２７７和７０３ｍｇＮＨ４－Ｎ／１００ｇ土·２４ｈ；不同类型水稻土和旱作土具有不同的脲酶活性水平，这主要受成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性的影响；水稻土和旱作土的脲酶活性均随土壤肥力水平的提高而增强，说明脲酶活性强弱是表征土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一。回归分析表明，土壤脲酶活性主要受土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等因素的影响，其中土壤基础铵量对耕作土壤脲酶活性的影响最大。水稻土脲酶活性还受土壤通透性的制约．而旱作土的则主要受土壤养分状况的影响。     

Sorption of heavy metals on organic and inorganic soil constituents

Sorption of heavy metals to organic matter and mineral soil constituents can hardly be separated experimentally. Here we studied the retention capacity of organic matter and minerals from soils in a long-term field experiment in which the organic carbon content had been altered, but the mineral phase had remained constant over time. The sorption of Cu, Cd and Zn showed a non-additive contribution of soil organic matter and minerals to the sorption capacity of soil. Sorption on organic matter exceeded mineral sorption from 6 to 13 times. This is the first time that sorption to soil organic matter is quantified in bulk soils.     

Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

Orientation behavior of homing pigeons at the Gernsheim anomaly

Pigeons were released at four release sites within the Gernsheim anomaly, a magnetic 'hill' with a peak 199 nT above the regional reference field and gentle 'slopes' to all sides, situated 44 km south of the Frankfurt loft. Local magnetic conditions at the sites differed in total intensity and in direction and steepness of the intensity gradient. At all sites, the pigeons were well oriented, showing counterclockwise deviations from the home directions that were most pronounced in the western part of the anomaly. There was no systematic difference in orientation behavior or homing performance between the sites within the anomaly and a control site outside. No effect of the local gradient direction was found, nor did the difference in intensity between home loft and the release site affect behavior. This argues against the use of magnetic navigational factors. However, pigeons released for the first time within the anomaly tended to have longer mean vectors with increasingly steeper gradients, which could mean that the birds might somehow have realized the anomalous nature of the local magnetic conditions and ignored them, relying on non-magnetic cues instead.Communicated by R. Gibson     

水中甲苯、对二甲苯磁化-光解耦合过程动力学研究

以甲苯、对二甲苯两种典型苯系污染物为研究对象 ,对其在水中的紫外光解(UV)、磁化 紫外光解 (PM UV)进行了过程动力学比较研究 ,结果证实高强度永久磁场 ( >0 1T)有促进光解的效应 ,并阐述了磁场通过影响污染物光解时 ,自由基对系间跃迁速度的变化而影响反应速度的作用机理 .     

不同养分和水分管理模式对土壤生态环境影响

室内盆栽培养下 ,通过对土壤pH、Eh、有机质、Fe形态、容重和结构等主要理化性质指标的测定和分析 ,比较和研究了不同养分和水分管理模式对土壤生态环境的影响。结果表明 ,在连续淹水下 ,施用有机肥料 ,特别是厩肥 ,降低了土壤Eh ,加剧了土壤的还原状态 ,同时也使土壤无定型态铁氧化物含量上升 ,对改善土壤物理环境效果也明显削弱 ;在干湿交替下 ,有机无机肥料配施不但可提高土壤有机质 ,而且可明显改善土壤氧化还原状况和物理特性     

Geochemical and Geophysical Monitoring of Salinewater Intrusion in Korean Paddy Fields

The saline water intruded zone in paddy fields near the seashore can be diagnosed accurately by joint exploration with geophysical and geochemical methods. Using the electromagnetic (EM) sounding technique, the weakly consolidated zone which introduces saline water into such an area of near seashore paddy fields in Korea was detected from the variation of electrical conductivity distribution following field irrigation. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) with Schlumberger array and chemical analysis of top soils, and groundwater in the study area verified the intruded zone near the surface. The VES results showed that the intrusion of seawater occurred in the form of a channel down to 30 m below sea level. Geochemical analysis of the top soil samples for the six major elements found in seawater indicated that the region showing high concentrations is concordant with the weakly consolidated zone near the surface. The degree of contamination in the study area was investigated by comparing the soil data with those from a nearby old reclamation field. If remediation work is not done for this intrusion zone, the sodicity degree in the paddy soil is expected to increase compared with the reference site data.     

Attraction of field-flying aphid males to synthetic sex pheromone

Summary Transparent plastic water traps, baited with the synthetic aphid sex pheromone components (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol or control lures, were placed in four semi-sheltered field sites at a height of 1.1 m. Although males of twenty-one aphid species were collected from the water traps, onlySitobion fragariae (Walker) was abundant. In total, 8 pheromone traps produced 102 males compared with only 10 males in 8 control traps. The sex pheromone released by sexual femaleS. fragariae was identified as the nepetalactone used in the lures. Aphid sex pheromones may be more species-specific than previously thought and the presence of a host plant is not essential for males to locate sexual females.     

直接磁场对特定厌氧污泥活性影响的研究

在优势菌生物除铬系统中悬挂表面磁场分别为0～6 mT和0～20 mT的磁片,分别控制磁片之间的磁场强度介于0～4.5 mT和0～14 mT,以未加磁场的对照系统作为参照,考察试验污泥活性的变化.试验结果表明,反应器中磁场强度为0～4.5 mT时,对厌氧活性污泥活性的促进效果较好,最大产甲烷速率(Umax.CH4)达64.3 mL CH4/g VSS·d,比非磁场系统提高20.6%,消耗单位COD产甲烷量为0.140 mL CH4/mg COD,比系统非磁场系统提高70.7%.同时发现了磁场的引入,提高了试验污泥利用COD物质生成甲烷的效率,对于低有机负荷重金属废水的生物净化尤其意义重大.