Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal, sublethal, and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides. In this study, the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed. Beside the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was carried out. It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms. Compared with adult earthworms, the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased significantly. Growth and reproduction of earthworms appeared to be more severely a ected by cypermethrin at juvenile stage than at adult stage. Applied at 10 mg/kg, cypermethrin had obvious adverse impact on the growth of juvenile earthworms, while 20 mg/kg, cypermethrin caused significant toxic e ects in reproduction. The results also indicated that ecotoxicological risk assessment using only adult specimens may underestimate the e ects of cypermethrin on soil invertebrate populations.     

多菌灵和苯菌灵分析中预处理技术研究现状

据统计,在农药残留分析中,有三分之二的时间都花在样品预处理上,即样品的提取和净化方面,因此采用快速、有效的样品预处理方法在农药残留分析中具有重要的意义。本文主要是介绍目前国内外多菌灵和苯菌灵分析中在样品预处理领域的一些研究成果,为实际环境监测中选择最合适的预处理分析方法提供参考。     

Low concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and triadimefon exposures have diverse effects on Xenopus laevis organ morphogenesis

Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms, we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides (atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), triadimefon, and glyphosate) in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked.We found similar levels of intestine malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The e ects of 2,4-D were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures a ect non-target organisms, our results suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of individual pesticide exposure.     

新疆有机水稻种植对土壤环境质量影响的初步分析

通过初步分析新疆有机水稻种植对土壤环境质量影响的情况,为今后改善农村生态环境、促进生态农业发展提供科学依据。在水稻有机种植方式下,重金属、农残含量要低于常规种植方式,而有机质明显要高于常规。有机水稻种植有利于改善生态环境,提高土壤环境质量,有利身体健康。     

几种常用农药在菠菜中的残留动态研究

在露地栽培条件下,研究了氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、毒死蜱和百菌清在菠菜生产中的残留降解动态.试验结果表明,不同农药在菠菜体内的降解速度有很大差异,其残留量随用药后时间的延长而减少.在推荐用量和加倍用量叶面喷洒处理条件下,毒死蜱的半衰期分别为3.95 d和4.61 d,氯氰菊酯的半衰期分别为5.03 d和5.88 d,氰戊菊酯的半衰期分别为5.26 d和7.22 d,百菌清的半衰期分别为2.63 d和3.39 d.在试验的4种农药中,氰戊菊酯的半衰期最长,百菌清的半衰期最短.因此,在菠菜生产中使用农药时,应充分考虑所用农药的半衰期,严格掌握安全间隔期,确保生产的菠菜达到无公害菠菜的质量标准要求.     

Experimental studies on ozonation of ethylenethiourea

The experimental study on ozonation of ethylenethiourea(ETU) is conducted.The reaction of gas-phase ETU with 0.63 × 10-6 mol/L ozone is carried out in a 200-L reaction chamber.The secondary organic aerosol(SOA) resulted from the ozonation of gas-phase ETU is observed with a scanning mobility particle size(SMPS).The rapid exponential growth of SOA reveals that the atmospheric lifetime of ETU vapor towards ozone reaction is less than four days.The ozonation of dry ETU particles,ETU-contained water droplets an...     

Pretreatment of heterocyclic pesticide wastewater using ultrasonic/ozone combined process

Ultrasonic/O3 combined process was employed to pretreat heterocyclic pesticide wastewater for increasing biodegradability and reducing biological toxicity. Influences of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power, probe diameter, initial pH and O3 dosage on the COD removal were studied. The results showed that the ultrasonic/O3 process significantly improved the biodegradability and reduced the biological toxicity of the wastewater. The ratio of BOD5/COD was increased from 0.03 to 0.55 and the EC50 increased from 11% to 52% under ultrasonic/O3 treatment. Low ultrasonic frequency brought better COD removal. Initial pH was found to have a high influence on the COD removal and alkaline conditions were more favorable. The influences of ultrasonic power and probe diameter were small. With an increase in O3 dosage, COD removal was e ectively improved. The optimal operational parameters for the combined process on COD removal were ultrasonic frequency 20 kHz, initial pH 9.00, ultrasonic power 300Wand dosage of O3 454.8 mg/(L min), under which the e ciency of COD removal reached 67.2%.     

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of high COD dipterex pesticide by using TiO2/Ni photo electrode

A TiO₂ thin film electrode deposited on porous nickel net (TiO₂/Ni) was prepared by the sol-gel method, and the surface morphology, crystal structure features and the grain size were characterized by Field emission scan electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoelectrocatalytic system was set up using a UV high-pressure mercury lamp as the light source, TiO₂ coated on foamed nickel as photo anode, Pt sheet as counter electrode and the pesticide dipterex in synthetic wastewater. Various factors that influence the photoelectrocatalytic decomposition of dipterex pesticide have been studied, such as degradation time, the type of electrolyte, current density, original pH value and different degradation methods. The prepared catalysts were employed to photoelectrocatalytically degrade the pesticide dipterex under UV irradiation, comparing the results with photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The results indicated that under the optimal conditions of 0.02 mol/L NaCl as the supporting electrolyte, current density = 2.5 mA/cm², pH 6.0 and dipterex pesticide 40 mg/L, and reaction time 2 hr, dipterex chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate and organophosphorous conversion of up to 82.6% and 83.5% were achieved, respectively. The method of photoelectrocatalytic degradation is more efficient than photocatalysis and electrochemical oxidation. The possible roles of the electrolytes on the reactions and probable mechanisms were also discussed.     

有机氯农药微生物降解技术研究进展

文章综述了有机氯农药的污染化学特征、环境介质中的分布水平、降解功能微生物的种类以及典型有机氯农药的降解途径等,并对有机氯农药微生物降解相关的酶和基因以及降解机理进行了重点讨论。参与有机氯农药微生物降解过程的酶主要有脱氯化氢酶、水解酶和脱氢酶三种,它们通过共代谢,中间协同代谢或矿化等作用完成降解过程。相关降解基因主要是Lin家族基因,包括LinA～LinJ的10个典型功能基因编码。微生物降解有机氯农药的机理主要包括矿化作用、共代谢作用、种间协同代谢作用、活化作用和间接作用等,其中矿化过程包括氧化、还原、水解、脱水、脱卤和裂解等生化反应。由于有机氯农药的持久性和广泛污染性,其降解机理及中间产物的类型、毒性以及新型降解菌的效能开发仍是该领域今后的研究重点。     

种植基地有机磷农药污染土壤的微生物修复

针对我国土壤普遍受到有机磷农药污染的现状,从有机磷农药污染土壤中筛选出降解作用大、生理性状稳定的5种抗性菌株,根据细菌形态观察、生理生化指标检测及16SrDNA基因序列分析,初步确定其生物学分类地位。通过富集培养及固定化技术,分别研究其对甲拌磷、对硫磷、甲基异柳磷和氯氰菊酯等农药的生物降解作用及其影响因素。初步探讨了微生物对甲拌磷农药的降解机理。上述研究结果表明：利用微生物降解农药是一种较有开发前景的有效方法。