呋喃丹、杀虫双对蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)的单一和复合毒性

利用滤纸接触法对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)进行染毒,研究20℃时呋喃丹和杀虫双对蚯蚓的单一及复合急性毒性。试验发现,蚯蚓在这2种农药作用下表现出不同的中毒症状和死亡情况,杀虫双对蚯蚓的毒性大于呋喃丹,48h时杀虫双和呋喃丹的半致死量分别为17.19和54.06μg·cm-2。无论是杀虫双(15.73μg·cm-2)与0～62.90μg·cm-2范围内呋喃丹复合,还是呋喃丹(94.35μg·cm-2)与0～25.16μg·cm-2范围内杀虫双复合,蚯蚓均表现呋喃丹中毒症状;与单一农药相比,复合农药对蚯蚓的致死毒性有高有低,但复合农药剂量变化对蚯蚓死亡率变化的影响小于相应剂量下单一农药对蚯蚓死亡率变化的影响。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定水样中的毒死蜱

自制了毒死蜱多克隆抗体,考察了离子强度和甲醇含量对抗原抗体竞争反应的影响,对反应体系进行了优化,最终建立了水样中毒死蜱的残留检测ELISA方法。结果表明,毒死蜱对抗体竞争性结合的I50为76.8μg/L,方法检出限为5.2μg/L。河水样品经简单前处理后分别采用ELISA和GC测定,用ELISA方法测得水样中毒死蜱的添加回收率为93.40%～102.1%,C.V为4.04%～5.18%,在水样中的最低检出浓度为0.08μg/L,检测灵敏度远高于GC,符合农药残留检测的要求。     

茶叶中六六六、DDT污染源的研究

本实验采用同位素示踪法和微量化学分析法对茶叶中残留的六六六和DDT的来源进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中少量六六六可通过根系进入叶片,两者浓度呈中度正相关(γ=+0.52),DDT呈弱相关(γ=+0.17),茶园用药构成茶叶污染的可能性很小,在茶园禁用六六六和DDT后,构成茶叶中残留的主要来源不是土壤和茶园用水,而主要是农田用药后六六六和DDT通过空气漂移所造成。人工模拟施药实验证实了上述假设,本文还提出了茶叶中六六六和DDT污染源的模式。     

拟除虫菊酯与有机磷农药混合溶液的光敏降解

研究了胺菊酯、甲醚菊酯、丙烯菊酯和氯菊酯以及甲基１６５０、毒死蜱、乐果在高压汞灯照射下的光解速率及其混合物在光解过程中的相互影响。结果表明光解速率顺序与农药的种类有关；两种不同类型杀虫共存时将改变彼此的光解速率，发生光敏作用，有机磷农药对拟除虫菊酯光敏作用的顺序是甲基１６０５〉毒死蜱〉乐果；有机磷农药的摩尔吸光系数与光解速率及敏化作用能力存在一定的相关性。光解产物的检测表明有机磷农药主要通过＾３Ｏ     

沈阳市农田土壤农药残留水平

对沈阳市农田（水田、旱田、菜田）土壤中农药残留调查表明，禾大壮、丁草胺、敌百虫、辛硫磷、阿特拉津、乐果、氧化乐果、溴氰菊酯、１６０５残留量测定结果均低于检出限。六六六残留几何平均水平为０．０１１ｍｇ／ｋｇ．ＤＤＴ为０．０３９ｍｇ／ｋｇ；旱田、水田六六六异构体的残留主要是β－ＢＨＣ，ＤＤＴ异构体的残留主要是ｐ，ｐ＇－ＤＤＥ．     

非平衡固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱测定水中甲拌磷的研究

利用100μmPDMS(聚二甲基硅氧烷)涂层,建立了非平衡固相微萃取＿气相色谱＿质谱联用测定水中甲拌磷的新方法。在萃取效果确证的基础上,对溶液体积、萃取时间、搅拌速度和溶液离子强度等实验条件进行了优化。方法的线性范围为0 005～50μg/L,相关系数为0 997,检测限(信噪比3∶1)为0 002μg/L,对于0 1μg/L的甲拌磷相对标准偏差(n=6)为7 16%。所建立的方法直接用于田间表面水和河水样品中甲拌磷的测定,结果满意。     

光催化转化并回收水中农药有机磷

经溶胶-凝胶法制备不同镧（La）掺杂量的二氧化钛（TiO₂）,得到光催化转化吸附回收有机磷的复合材料.结果表明,La与TiO₂掺杂物质的量比为0.002并经过煅烧和掺杂物质的量比为0.02未经煅烧的2种材料,以6：4的比例混合,所得复合材料La@TiO₂（6：4）为粒径约13nm的锐钛矿型TiO₂,表面有球形聚集体但分布较均匀,其光谱范围较纯TiO₂发生红移,因而光催化效率提高.当有机磷浓度20mg/L、La@TiO₂（6：4）投加量为1g/L、溶液pH值为9时,有机磷回收率最高达85%.溶液中的NO₃^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-对磷回收影响不大,CO₃^2-有抑制作用;材料经解吸后可多次重复利用.研究表明La@TiO₂（6：4）为有前景的有机磷回收复合材料.     

Estimation of pyrethroid pesticide intake using regression modeling of food groups based on composite dietary samples

Population-based estimates of pesticide intake are needed to characterize exposure for particular demographic groups based on their dietary behaviors. Regression modeling performed on measurements of selected pesticides in composited duplicate diet samples allowed (1) estimation of pesticide intakes for a defined demographic community, and (2) comparison of dietary pesticide intakes between the composite and individual samples. Extant databases were useful for assigning individual samples to composites, but they could not provide the breadth of information needed to facilitate measurable levels in every composite. Composite sample measurements were found to be good predictors of pyrethroid pesticide levels in their individual sample constituents where sufficient measurements are available above the method detection limit. Statistical inference shows little evidence of differences between individual and composite measurements and suggests that regression modeling of food groups based on composite dietary samples may provide an effective tool for estimating dietary pesticide intake for a defined population.     

The transfer of active ingredients of insecticides and fungicides from an orchard to beehives

This investigation was undertaken to determine whether active ingredients (AIs) of currently recommended plant protection products (PPPs) could be transferred to beehives from apple and pear trees. A field trial was carried out with apple trees of Ligol and Idared variety, and pear trees of Conference variety. For pest and diseases control of fungal origin, recommended PPPs were applied. Samples of flowers from the above-mentioned varieties of fruit trees, of bees, brood and honey from beehives located in their direct neighborhood were collected regularly and analyzed for the presence of lambda-cyhalothrin (an insecticide) and cyprodinil, captan, fluopyram, kresoxim-methyl, penthiopyrad and trifloxystrobin (fungicides). In samples of flowers of Ligol variety, fluopyram residues (on average 0.621 µg single flower^?1) were at the highest levels, whereas in samples of pear flowers of Conference variety, and in flowers of Idared variety, captan residues (on average, respectively, 0.705 and 165.7 µg single flower^?1). In samples of bees and honey, residues of five AIs were detected, and in brood six AIs, whereby in each case captan residues prevailed, respectively, up to 585.2, 51.52 and 126.5 µg kg^?1 bees and honey. In the honey, significantly larger residues of captan were found out than maximum residue level (MRL) for this AI – 103.04% MRL. In the case of any AI, the daily intake did not exceed 0.002% acceptable daily intake (ADI).     

Effects of ozone fumigation treatment on the removal of residual difenoconazole from strawberries and on their quality

The effect of ozone fumigation on the reduction of difenoconazole residue on strawberries was studied. Strawberries were immersed in 1.0 L of aqueous solution containing 400 μL of the commercial product (250 g L^?1 of difenoconazole) for 1 min. Then, they were dried and exposed to ozone gas (O₃) at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.8 mg L^?1 for 1 h. The ozone fumigation treatments reduced the difenoconazole residue on strawberries to concentrations below 0.5 mg kg^?1, which corresponds to a 95% reduction. The strawberries treated with ozone and the control group, which was not treated with ozone, were stored at 4°C for 10 days. Some characteristics of the fruit were monitored throughout this period. Among these, pH, weight loss and total color difference did not change significantly (P > 0.05). The fumigation with ozone significantly affected the soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content (vitamin C) of the strawberries preventing a sharp reduction of these parameters during storage.