Degradation of chlordecone and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane by photolysis, (photo-)fenton oxidation and ozonation

Intensive use of chlorinated pesticides from the 1960s to the 1990s has resulted in a diffuse contamination of soils and surface waters in the banana-producing areas of the French West Indies. The purpose of this research was, for the first time, to examine the degradation of two of these persistent pollutants – chlordecone (CLD) and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) in 1 mg L^?1 synthetic aqueous solutions by means of photolysis, (photo-) Fenton oxidation and ozonation processes. Fenton oxidation is not efficient for CLD and yields less than 15% reduction of β-HCH concentration in 5 h. Conversely, both molecules can be quantitatively converted under UV-Vis irradiation reaching 100% of degradation in 5 h, while combination with hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron does not show any significant improvement except in high wavelength range (>280 nm). Ozonation exhibits comparable but lower degradation rates than UV processes. Preliminary identification of degradation products indicated that hydrochlordecone was formed during photo-Fenton oxidation of CLD, while for β-HCH the major product peak exhibited C₃H₃Cl₂ as most abundant fragment.     

Mother gestational exposure to organophosphorus pesticide induces neuron and glia loss in daughter adult brain

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide with developmental neurotoxicity such as morphogenesis toxicity. In the present study, we assessed the effects of prenatal CPF exposure on systemic parameters and cytoarchitecture of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in adulthood. Gestational dams were exposed to 5mg/kg/d of CPF during gestational days 13–17, while body weight, organ coefficient, and neuron and glia counts of offspring were determined on postnatal day 60. Our results showed that CPF treatment induced little or no effects on body weight and organ coefficients. There were also no significant pathological changes in mPFC. However, neuron and glia count analysis showed that CPF treatment reduced neuron and glia counts in anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic areas of mPFC. The CPF react pattern was similar in both sexes, and there was no statistical difference in most of the sub-regions. Thus, our results revealed an embryonic origin brain deficit induced by gestational mother pesticide exposure.     

某农药生产场地中特征POPs的环境风险研究

用钻探采样和布设地下水监测井的方法,监测了华东某农药厂DDTs生产场地土壤中DDTs和HCHs等POPs类有机污染物. 结果表明,场地特征污染物DDTs和HCHs是土壤污染健康风险的最主要来源. DDTs的风险普遍高于HCHs,DDTs致癌风险最高可达5.4×10-3,非致癌危害商可达130;HCHs致癌风险最高可达4.3×10-4. 三氯杀螨醇车间土壤中DDTs风险高于DDTs车间. DDTs车间的前3层遭受DDTs污染面积较大, 其区域基本涵盖了HCHs污染范围;第4～6层也有约一半的区域遭受DDTs污染,但HCHs的污染已处于风险可以接受的水平. 三氯杀螨醇车间的前3层普遍受到DDTs和HCHs较严重的污染,面积几乎涵盖了整个车间区域.      

7种农药对家蚕的毒性评价及中毒症状学观察

采用食下毒叶法,测定了7种杀虫剂对家蚕的急性毒性,并系统观察了杀虫剂处理家蚕后的中毒症状.结果表明:高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯4种杀虫剂的LC50值均小于0.5mg·L-1,属剧毒级药剂,对家蚕有极高风险性;啶虫脒、毒死蜱和敌敌畏3种农药的LC50值分别为1.2371、1.0438和4.9641mg·L-1,属高毒级药剂,对家蚕有高至极高风险性;家蚕的农药急性中毒症状主要包括吐液、拒食、体缩、摆头、身体扭曲呈"S"或"C"形等,但不同类型农药其家蚕中毒症状表现各异.     

壳聚糖对菠菜中毒死蜱和乐果的降解作用（Effects of Spraying Chitosan on Degradation of Chlorpyrifos and Dimethoate Residues in Spinach）

在露地栽培条件下,研究了叶面喷施壳聚糖水溶液对菠菜中毒死蜱和乐果的降解作用.结果表明,叶面喷施不同浓度的壳聚糖(50、100、200、400mg·L-1)可有效降低菠菜中毒死蜱和乐果残留量,其中较低浓度壳聚糖能更有效地降低菠菜中毒死蜱、乐果的残留量.50mg·L-1壳聚糖使菠菜中毒死蜱残留量较对照降低40.2%,安全间隔期缩短2.07d;100mg·L-1壳聚糖使菠菜中乐果残留量较对照降低46.9%,安全间隔期缩短0.5d.壳聚糖作为一种有机磷农药降解剂应用于蔬菜生产是可行的.     

农药在稻田使用对地下水的风险评估研究进展

农药风险评估可为农药登记和农药的环境安全管理提供重要的科学依据。水稻生产过程中病虫草害严重,农药使用品种多、频次高,田水存留时间长,对地下水污染风险高。开展农药在稻田使用对地下水的风险评估研究具有重要的现实意义。文章详细介绍了欧盟和美国的水稻-地下水风险评估研究进展,包括风险评估程序、暴露评估模型及暴露场景等。总结了我国农药在稻田使用对地下水风险评估的研究现状,并分析了我国研究的不足之处。在此基础上,提出了加强我国农药在稻田使用对地下水风险评估的建议。     

3种农药及其复配剂对意大利工蜂的急性经口毒性

采用"小烧杯法"测定了3种农药及其复配剂对意大利工蜂的24 h、48 h急性经口毒性,根据我国《化学农药环境安全评价实验准则》中蜜蜂急性经口毒性划分等级可知,对意大利工蜂,35%精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂属"低毒"级,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂属"高毒"级,25 g·L~(-1)咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂属"低毒",25%噻虫嗪-咯菌腈-精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂也属"高毒"级。     

Sediment quality assessment of Beasley Lake: bioaccumulation and effects of pesticides in Hyalella azteca

Beasley Lake is a Conservation Effects Assessment Program (CEAP) watershed in the intensively cultivated Mississippi Delta, USA. Lake sediment quality at three sites was evaluated in 2004 and 2008 for biological impairment and uptake (animal tissue pesticide residues) from 14 pesticides and three metabolites using Hyalella azteca (Saussure). Eleven pesticides and three metabolites were detected in sediment among the three sites in 2004 and all 17 compounds examined were detected among the three sites in 2008, with the herbicide atrazine having the greatest concentrations. Twenty-eight-day H. azteca survival and growth (mg w/w) indicated no survival effects at any site for either year, but growth impairment occurred in H. azteca exposed to sediments in 2004, whereas growth enhancement occurred in H. azteca exposed to sediments at one site in 2008. Pesticides observed in animal tissue pesticide residues occurred more frequently and in greater concentrations in 2004 compared with 2008. Thirteen pesticides were detected in animal tissue pesticide residues in 2004, with chlorpyrifos occurring in the greatest concentrations, and six pesticides were detected in 2008, with p,p′-DDT occurring in the greatest concentrations. H. azteca tissue pesticide residues of seven pesticides, two herbicides, three insecticides, one insecticide metabolite, and p,p′-DDT, were associated with growth.     

Physiological,biochemical and growth responses of Azolla pinnata to chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin pesticides exposure: a comparative study

Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos pesticide- (5, 15 and 30 ppm) induced effects on growth, metabolic and antioxidative behaviour of Azolla pinnata were analysed after 96 h of treatment. Growth of A. pinnata was increased by 72–76% over the initial mass under control condition. Further, the growth was decreased by 26 and 30% following treatment with 5 ppm of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, respectively, compared to control. Whereas, 30 ppm of pesticide treatment caused substantial decrease in biomass accumulation, even less than the initial mass. The Chlorophyll a content was declined at higher concentrations of chlorpyrifos, while carotenoids content increased significantly in the presence of both the pesticides. Photosynthetic rate showed declining trend with rising concentration of pesticides, while an increasing trend was noticed in the case of respiratory O₂ consumption. The oxidative biomarkers malondialdehyde, superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide increased with increasing concentration of both the pesticides. The activity of enzymatic antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was enhanced with increasing concentrations of both the pesticides; however, a declining trend was noticed in the case of APX at 30 ppm chlorpyrifos treatment. The study concludes that chlorpyrifos appeared to be more toxic than cypermethrin; however, both the pesticides significantly reduced the growth performance.     

Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human milk from Tabriz,Iran

Human breast milk samples, collected during April 2007 in Tabriz, Iran, were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α, β, and γ-hexachlorocycloexane (HCH) isomers and six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners (IUPAC Nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180). Organochlorine pesticides and OCB were both prevalent in the samples of human breast milk. Average concentrations of HCB, DDT, HCH, and PCB were 1020, 1930, 1660, and 690 ng g^?1 lipid weight, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between concentration of OC in human breast milk and mothers age with primiparae. Women having higher OC concentrations than multiparae women suggests that these parameters influence the OC burden in lactating women. The estimated tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) of HCH, HCB and PCB solely from human breast milk were 100, 46, and 43% of samples, respectively, exceeding guideline thresholds given as TDI proposed by Health Canada. Although high daily intakes may raise concerns for possible adverse effects of OC, women in Tabriz are recommended to breastfeed due to the numerous advantages for mother and child.