Pesticide dispersion by spraying under tropical conditions

Pesticide air pollution by spraying was evaluated under different temperature, humidity and wind climatic conditions in Brazil. Field experiments were performed with application towards the soil and in guava orchards, where spray dispersion was monitored by adding p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a fluorescent substance, as a tracer to the water contained in the spray tanks. Samples were collected with filter membranes (Whatman 180025), and the PABA was extracted from the filters by shaking with water in a Petri dish and measured in a spectrofluorometer. A spray aimed towards the soil with filters positioned on the ground and hung at different heights did not show different upward dispersion as observed when lateral pulverization was conducted. In this case, a tractor with a sprayer moved through a 3 m high and 6 m wide frame with filter membranes mounted at 60 cm intervals. Spray dispersion patterns were modified by guava leaf resistance. No influence of temperature and humidity was observed in this short-lived spraying process. Nevertheless, wind drift can occur during airborne dispersion and is an important pesticide pollution source which requires control. Droplets with PABA powered by assisted spraying upwards returned to the ground by gravity and, therefore, did not constitute a vertical source of atmospheric pollution.     

Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos to embryo and larvae of banded gourami Trichogaster fasciata

This study elucidated the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos on the early life stages of banded gourami (Trichogaster fasciata). To determine the acute effects of chlorpyrifos on their survival and development, we exposedthe embryos and two-day-old larvae to six concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 100 µg L^?1) of chlorpyrifos in plastic bowls. Log-logistic regression was used to calculate LC10 and LC50 values. Results showed that embryo mortality significantly increased with increasing chlorpyrifos concentrations. The 24-h LC10 and LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of chlorpyrifos for embryos were 0.89 (0.50–1.58) and 11.8 (9.12–15.4) µg L^?1, respectively. Hatching success decreased and mortality of larvae significantly increased with increasing concentrations of chlorpyrifos. The 24-h LC10 and LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of chlorpyrifos for larvae were 0.53 (0.27–1.06) and 21.7 (15.9–29.4) µg L^?1, respectively; the 48-h LC10 and LC50 for larvae were 0.04 (0.02–0.09) and 5.47 (3.77–7.94) µg L^?1, respectively. The results of this study suggest that 1 µg L^?1 of chlorpyrifos in the aquatic environment may adversely affect the development and the reproduction of banded gourami. Our study also suggests that banded gourami fish can serve as an ideal model species for evaluating developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants.     

Testing the efficiency of extraction of incurred residues from soil with optimized multi-residue method

The reproducibility of extraction of residues from spiked soil samples and from soils containing incurred residues was tested with ¹⁴C-labeled test compounds of different physical-chemical properties. Nearly 100% of the compounds added to the sample before extraction could be recovered with an average reproducibility relative standard deviation (CV) of 5.4%. The additional steps of the determination process (cleanup, evaporation, etc.) contributed to the major part of the variability of the results (CV = 10–20%). The incurred residues were most efficiently extracted with acetone for 30 min followed by the mixture of acetone/ethyl acetate 1:1 for additional 30 min. However, they could only be recovered at various extent (64–90% of total residues), underlying the importance of testing the efficiency of extraction. The residues were identified and quantified by gas chromatography applying thermionic detector. The performance parameters of the method complied with the international method validation guidelines, and they proved to be robust and suitable for determination of pesticide residues in soils of widely different physical–chemical properties.     

Atrazine,chlorpyrifos, and iprodione effect on the biodiversity of bacteria,actinomycetes, and fungi in a pilot biopurification system with a green cover

The use of biopurification systems can mitigate the effects of pesticide contamination on farms. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pesticide dissipation on microbial communities in a pilot biopurification system. The pesticide dissipation of atrazine, chlorpyrifos and iprodione (35 mg kg^?1 active ingredient [a.i.]) and biological activity were determined for 40 days. The microbial communities (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi) were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In general, pesticide dissipation was the highest by day 5 and reached 95%. The pesticides did not affect biological activity during the experiment. The structure of the actinomycete and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere was more stable during the evaluation than that in the communities in the control without pesticides. The rhizosphere fungal communities, detected using DGGE, showed small and transitory shifts with time. To conclude, rhizosphere microbial communities were not affected during pesticide dissipation in a pilot biopurification system.     

GC-MS-MS测定蔬菜中八种有机磷农药

用GC-MS-MS同时测定蔬菜中的甲拌磷、二嗪农、甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、倍硫磷、喹硫磷、杀扑磷和亚胺硫磷.对各个化合物的特征离子对、碰撞电压进行了优化,并阐述了优化反应监测模式(MRM)条件的过程和方法,同时分析了各个化合物的线性范围和最低检出限.将该方法用于蔬菜样品的检测,测得加标回收率在90.4%-105.0%之间,RSD在3.2%-9.3%之间.     

Bicriteria decision model for farm management of the Colorado potato beetle: development and validation

This paper describes the development and testing of a deterministic simulation model for pest and resistance management of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Historically, CPB have developed resistance to new pesticides quickly. A potato farmer's pesticide application decisions trade off current crop yields and resistance development. The simulation incorporates major aspects of beetle life processes, pesticide resistance, and potato growth in order to predict the consequences of a pesticide application strategy over a ten-year planning horizon.     

植物性食品中拟除虫菊酯类农药测定方法的改进

基于色素和含水率两方面的考虑,选用了大米、荼叶和西红柿作为实验介质,在植物性食品中拟除虫菊酯类农药提取条件和净化条件等方面均进行了改进和优化.结果发现,采用正己烷/丙酮混合液(97.5∶2.5,V/V)提取植物性食品中菊酯类农药,40～50℃下超声萃取40min;选用弗罗里硅土和活性炭混合填充物制作层析柱;选用石油醚/乙酸乙酯(9∶1,V/V)作为洗脱溶剂,实验回收率达70%以上,结果令人满意.     

连云港市典型蔬菜基地土壤中重金属和有机氯污染调查与评价

对连云港市3个典型蔬菜基地土壤中汞、铅等金属元素以及六六六、DDT和BaP等20种污染因子进行了调查,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗污染指数及综合污染指数等相结合的方法进行了评价。结果表明,部分点位Pb和DDT等含量超标,蔬菜基地土壤环境质量处于尚清洁或污染状态,已不能满足食用农产品生产的需求。大部分点位重金属含量高于江苏和全国黄棕壤土壤环境自然背景值,其中Cd、Zn比背景值高近一倍,已经达到污染警戒水平,需查明Hg、Cd、Zn、有机氯等污染来源。土壤中有机质含量较低,达到很缺乏级别。     

植物源杀虫剂川楝素对环境生物安全性评价

评价农药对环境中非靶标生物的毒性是新农药开发应用的重要环节.依据国家环境保护局"化学农药环境安全评价试验准则",测定了78%川楝素原粉和0.5%川楝素乳油对生态环境中非靶标生物的毒性,并进行了安全性评价.结果表明,川楝素原粉对鹌鹑、家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、瓢虫、蝌蚪等非靶标生物均为低毒;川楝素乳油对家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、瓢虫等均为低毒,对家蚕的生长发育具有一定的影响,对鹌鹑中毒,对蝌蚪高毒.可见,植物源杀虫剂川楝素对环境非靶标生物毒性低、较为安全,但在水田及桑园应慎用0.5%川楝素乳油.     

甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发的动力学研究

研究了挥发时间、温度和气流量对农药甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发行为的影响.研究结果表明,随着温度升高、气流量增大甲基对硫磷挥发量明显增大,温度和气流量是影响甲基对硫磷挥发的主要因素;挥发时间在0～8 h内甲基对硫磷挥发量的变化较大,8h之后甲基对硫磷的挥发量基本不变化.研究了农药甲基对硫磷在水-气界面的挥发动力学.建立了甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发的动力学模型,模型计算所得的预测值与实测值基本吻合,相对误差≤5%,表明可用该动力学模型来预测甲基对硫磷在水-气界面的挥发行为.