长江流域重庆段水体和沉积物中农药分布特征及风险评价

以长江干流重庆段、乌江和嘉陵江支流段作为研究对象,系统分析该研究区域水体和沉积物中农药的种类分布及污染状况;并对水体和沉积物中农药污染开展生态风险评估。结果表明,水体中共检出13种农药,总浓度范围为18.02～167.18 ng·L~(-1),主要污染物为敌敌畏、多菌灵和阿特拉津;沉积物中共检出12种农药,总浓度范围为7.08～38.35 ng·g~(-1),主要污染物为敌敌畏和多菌灵;与国内其他地区的水体和沉积物中农药污染浓度相比,处于中等偏低的水平。水体中农药风险评估结果表明,敌敌畏和毒死蜱在大部分检测位点0.1≤RQ<1;在S7和S18监测位点中,敌敌畏、避蚊胺、阿特拉津和毒死蜱均0.1相似文献   

固相萃取法测定土茯苓中4种有机磷农药残留量

文章研究了固相萃取法测定土苻苓中4种有机磷农药(敌敌畏、乐果、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷)的可行性。对影响实验结果的提取剂、洗脱剂、洗脱剂用量进行了条件优化。在优化后的实验条件下,该方法除了对乐果的线性范围在3.55～20μg/mL之间,其余三种有机磷农药线性范围均在2.5～20μg/mL之间,相关系数R为0.9991～0.9997,回收率为79.0%～109%,相对标准偏差为6.7%～8.9%。检出限分别为:敌敌畏0.25μg/mL;乐果2.85μg/mL;甲基对硫磷0.20μg/mL;对硫磷0.15μg/mL。实验结果表明,该方法操作简便省时,灵敏准确,适用于多种有机磷农药的同时分析测定。     

Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal,sublethal,and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides.In this study,the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed.Beside the acute and chronic tests,an avoidance response test was carried out.It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms.Compared with adult earthworms,the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased...     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations

In practice, pesticides are usually applied simultaneously or one after another for crop protection, and this type of pesticide application often leads to a combined contamination of pesticide residues in the soil environment. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the influence of chlorothalonil on chlorpyrifos degradation and its effects on soil bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete populations. Under the experimental conditions here, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos alone, and in combination with chlorothalonil, at the recommended and double dosages, were measured to be 3.24, 2.77, and 2.63 d, respectively. Chlorpyrifos degradation was not significantly altered by its combination with chlorothalonil. However, the inhibitory effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microorganisms was increased by its combination with chlorothalonil, and the increase was related to the levels of chlorothalonil added. Compared to those in the controls, the populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were significantly reduced by 44.1%, 61.1%, and 72.8%, respectively, on the first day after treatment (DAT) by chlorpyrifos alone. With the addition of chlorothalonil, the inhibition was increased to 55.2%, 79.3%, and 85.8% at the recommended dosage, and 86.0%, 94.1%, and 90.8% at the double dosage, at one DAT, respectively. The results suggested that combined effects should be taken into account to assess the actual impacts of pesticide applications.     

日光温室蔬菜中百菌清残留状况及不同处理对其的影响

近些年来,食品安全问题逐渐成为人们关注的热点,而农药残留由于其对食品安全和人类健康的影响,引起了广泛的关注.随着越来越多的温室蔬菜出现在人们的生活中,其农药残留势必会对人们的健康产生巨大的影响.本文应用气相色谱法研究两种常见温室蔬菜(黄瓜、番茄)的农药百菌清残留情况及不同处理对其的影响.结果表明,百菌清在这两种温室蔬菜中严重超标,而实验中所采取的类似家庭采用的流水洗净和去皮两种不同处理方式都可以有效降低百菌清的残留量,去皮的效果更为显著.     

水果蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的气相色谱测定方法研究

建立了水果、蔬菜食品中有机磷农药的提取、净化及其毛细管柱气相色谱测定法.用水和丙酮溶剂提取,填有无水Na2SO4和Al2O3的层析柱净化,浓缩后采用火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测到样品中甲胺磷、对硫磷、马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷的添加回收率分别为81%～90%,82%～90%,84%～102%,80%～90%,变异系数均小于8.0%.实验表明,该方法在一定条件下具有灵敏度高,净化效果好,适用性广等特点,可以作为一种常规测定方法.     

果园农药作业个体防护的影响因素

农药是果树种植园进行病虫害防治常用方法,农药会通过呼吸道、口腔及皮肤等途径进入人体,进而对作业者健康产生不利影响。在辽东某地区种植园的调查发现,果园作业者的防护装备配置情况与果园人均产值和安全教育水平呈正向相关。近年来果园作业的防护装备配置水平逐年提升,果园管理者及员工对个体防护装备的认知也逐步提高,但防护装备的配置及使用情况仍有很大改善空间。本文进一步普及农药作业安全与健康教育,普及防护装备的选用和维护常识对降低农药中毒现象的发生有直接影响。     

Consumer safety evaluation after monitoring of endocrine disruptor pesticide residues: a case study of Thessaly,Central Greece

Abstract

A large number of pesticides used in agricultural practice has been characterized or suspected to be Endocrine Disruptors, with dietary intake to be the major route of consumer’s exposure. In the present study the safety to consumer after the consumption of pome fruits and fruiting vegetables originated from the area of Thessaly, Central Greece was assessed. Objective samplings of 110 samples were conducted in local retail markets in an effort to quantify potential residues of targeted pesticides, previously characterized as endocrine disruptors. For the determination of residues, a QuEChERs-based multiresidue method coupled with liquid and gas chromatographic systems was applied and fully validated in accordance with the European Unions’s requirements in apples and tomatoes in three fortification levels. Acceptable results were obtained for all the validation parameters studied and the limit of quantification of 0.01?mg/kg and limit of detection of 0.0033?mg/kg were achieved. Based on the determined results, the most frequently determined pesticide was chlorpyrifos with a maximum concentration of 0.32?mg/kg in tomato samples. Cypermethrin and dimethoate were also determined in tomatoes and aubergines. The EFSA PRIMo rev.3.1 model was applied for all positive samples and acute risk for consumers was confirmed only in the case of determination of chlorpyrifos in tomatoes.     

华北地区农田潜在生态毒性评估与农业可持续发展——以山东桓台县冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统为例

使用USES-LCA模型,对连续10多年过量使用化肥和农药的华北高产粮区农田系统进行了潜在生态毒性评估。结果表明,虽然潜在的人体毒性表现不明显,但1997和2007年小麦-玉米轮作的潜在水体毒性分别是225.15、261.08、308.24和303.45 kg1,4-DCBeq;土壤毒性分别是3.12、2.76、3.55和3.24 kg1,4-DCBeq,都呈正增长趋势,以潜在水体毒性表现最为明显。虽然农药对环境的实际威胁还需进一步证实,但严格禁止高毒农药的使用,规范农药的施用量和使用方式已经刻不容缓;与此同时,必须加强农业生态毒性评价体系和生态污染防控机制研究,这样才能促进农业的可持续发展。     

童工在农业活动中接触农药的危害

本文以"鹿特丹公约"缔约方第五次会议为背景,主要介绍了联合国粮食农业组织(FAO)和国际劳工组织(ILO)共同组织的有关"童工在农业活动中接触农药的危害"专题会议内容和意义。同时,通过儿童会接触到农药的具体例子,说明儿童接触有毒物质比成年人更易受到危害。