有机磷农药和重金属对海洋微藻的联合毒性研究

以三角褐指藻、盐藻和青岛大扁藻为实验材料，采用联合指数相加法，研究了有机磷农药和重金属对这三种海洋微藻的急性毒性和联合毒性效应。实验结果表明，铜对这三种微藻毒性顺序为： 青岛大扁藻＞ 三角褐指藻＞ 盐藻。丙溴磷农药对三种微藻毒性顺序为： 三角褐指藻＞ 青岛大扁藻＞ 盐藻。盐藻对两种污染物均表现出较强耐受性。联合毒性实验结果显示： 对于三角褐指藻、盐藻和青岛大扁藻，丙溴磷－ 铜联合毒性在毒性比１∶１ 情况下，７２ ｈ Ａ Ｉ分别为－ ０４６２ 、－ ０５５７ 和－ ０７０２ ，均为拮抗作用     

Fate of pesticide N'' (2,4 dimethylphenyl) N methylformamide hydrochloride in simulated aquatic ecosystem

ＦａｔｅｏｆｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅＮ’（２，４ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌｐｈｅｎｙｌ）ＮｍｅｔｈｙｌｆｏｒｍａｍｉｄｅｈｙｄｒｏｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅｉｎｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄａｑｕａｔｉｃｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＹａｎｇＫｅｗｕ，ＭｏＨａｎｈｏｎｇ，ＡｎＦｅｎｇｃｈｕ...     

农药废水预处理技术研究及工程实践

针对农药生产排放废水的特点 ,提出了清污分流、分质处理的思路 ,研究并实施了对农药生产废水进行预处理 生化处理技术 ,废水排放达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978 96 )的要求。     

用毛细管色谱法和同位素技术研究呋喃丹及其有毒代谢物在棉籽和土壤中的残留

使用OV-101玻璃毛细管柱气相色谱法测定棉籽和土壤中的呋哺丹和3-羟基呋喃丹,减少了农药在柱上的吸附和分解,分开了农药与植物中的干扰物质,减少了样本的前处理步骤,其回收率分别约为80％,变异系数小于20％。以~(14)C标记呋喃丹测定各前处理步骤的损失率,表明农药的损失主要是由于酸解及固体物质的吸附。两年三地田间试验的结果说明,按照推荐药量在棉田使用呋喃丹,棉田和土壤中的残留均低于检测限。     

单甲脒水解动力学研究

报道了单甲脒水解反应动力学与单甲脒在模拟水生生态系统中降解的研究。结果表明，单甲脒属在水中不稳定的化合物，在ｐＨ≤５时稳定，在ｐＨ≥６时则发生明显的水解反应，水解反应速率随反应介质ｐＨ值的增大而加速。单甲脒水解反应半衰期可从１５．９２ｄ（ｐＨ６）缩短至１．４０ｄ（ｐＨ９）。实验获得单甲脒水解反应温度效应系数为２．９，活化能为７８．７４ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．单甲脒在模拟水生生态系统中的实验结果与在缓冲溶液体     

溴氰菊酯混配农药--大地西对稻田-鱼塘水生生态系的安全评价研究

研究了在自然条件下施用溴氰菊酯混配农药——大地西对稻田-鱼塘水生生态系的影响。结果表明,在稻田中施用时,由于实际用量低,加上作物的沾附、土壤与水体中悬浮物的吸附及其存在形态的变化,其实际浓度与毒性已降低到对稻田养鱼及邻近鱼塘的水生生物不再有危害的程度。描述了溴氰菊酯在整个模拟生态系中的迁移与消减规律。研究了溴氰菊酯在不同加工剂型中的存在形态,以及在鱼体内的吸收与分布特点及其与毒性的关系。     

Sonochemical degradation of organophosphorus pesticide in dilute aqueous solutions

Ultrasonic irradiation was found to accelerate the rate of hydrolysis of omethoate in aqueous solution over the pH range of 2—12. Process parameters studied include pH, steady-state temperature, concentration, and the type of gases, Greater than 96% hydrolysis was observed in 30 minutes through this process and the rate of destruction increased with the help of more soluble and low thermal inert gas. So with Krypton, omethoate was found to undergo rapid destruction as compared with Argon. In the presence of ultrasound, the observed first-order rate of hydrolysis of omethoate is found to be independent of pH. The formation of transient supercritical water(SCW) appears to be an important factor in the acceleration of chemical reactions in the presence of ultrasound. A detaiied chemical reaction mechanism for omethoatedestruction in water was formulated. Experimental results and theoretical kinetic mechanism demonstrated that the most of the omethoate undergo destruction inside the cavitating holes. A very less effect of temperature on the degradation of omethoate within a temperature range of 20——70℃ proves that a small quantity of omethoate undergoes secondary destruction in the bulk liquid.     

土壤中有机氯农药超声萃取条件研究

以气相色谱法作为分析方法，自制了含一定量的有机氯的土壤作为实验用样品，以超声的功率时间和次数作为研究对象，探讨了最佳的超声条件，以此条件得到的目标化合物的回收率为85．9—97．1％。     

化学农药的危害及我国应采取的对策

研究表明，我国农药使用的边际生产率已经很小，有的地区甚至已成负数，对大气、土壤、水质、动物和人体健康造成了极大的危害。调查表明，农药生产者对环境和健康都有一定的支付意愿，但因外部效应不能体现在市场上，政府应从技术、配套措施改革、市场与政策和推广几方面采取对策，干预市场，纠正市场失灵，以减少化学农药使用量。     

Modeling the fate of paddy field pesticide in surface water and environmental risk assessment

The risk of drinking water is greatly concerned because of the large amount of pesticide applied to paddy field and the contamination of drinking water sources due to the runoff. A mathematical model is developed, based on the mass balance, to predict the fate of paddy field pesticides from application, runoff and mixing in a river, taking account of the physical-chemical properties and processes of volatilization, degradation, adsorption and desorption. The model is applied to a river basin in Japan to estimate the contaminant level of several popularly used pesticides at the water intakes. The health risk in drinking water induced by each pesticide concerned is estimated and evaluated by comparing with the acceptable daily intake values (ADI) and with that induced by trihalomethanes. An index to evaluate the total risk of all pesticides appearing in water is proposed. The methods for risk management are also discussed.