Evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction for determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean

The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Two organic solvents, acetone and acetonitrile, were evaluated as extraction solvents. In both cases, the amount of extract was enhanced with increasing extraction temperature. The extracts obtained using acetonitrile were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after a cleanup process based on the analytical method for the Japanese Positive List System for Agricultural Chemicals Remaining in Foods. The effect of extraction temperature (range: 40– 130°C) on extraction efficiency was evaluated by a recovery study using 21 organophosphorus pesticides and 10 pyrethroid pesticides as target analytes and acetonitrile as the solvent. The results indicated that at 130°C, some organophosphorus pesticides might be degraded, whereas extraction temperatures between 70°C and 100°C were optimal. Next, a prepared sample containing fenitrothion and permethrin was analyzed. Although the sample was not soaked in water prior to analysis, PLE provided analytical results comparable to those obtained by solvent extraction with homogenization. Therefore, PLE is considered a simple and alternative technique for the extraction of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean.     

Characterizing agrochemical patterns and effective BMPs for surface waters using mechanistic modeling and GIS

Monitoring programs in the agriculturally intense San Joaquin River Valley of California have periodically found organophosphate (OP) insecticide concentrations, predominantly chlorpyrifos, diazinon and methidathion, at levels high enough to cause mortality for the aquatic invertebrate Ceriodaphnia dubia. These detections are likely the result of off-site movement from treated fields. However, the relative significance and magnitude of off-site transport pathways cannot be readily deduced from monitoring data alone. Therefore, a comprehensive modeling system has been constructed to estimate temporal and spatial pesticide source magnitudes and to follow the pesticide dissipation pathways once in surface water. The USEPA models HSPF and PRZM3 were used for the hydrology and non-point source predictions, respectively. Spray drift was accounted for using the mechanistic model AgDrift. The Orestimba Creek Watershed in the San Joaquin Valley was characterized and used as a typical watershed for this region. Representative transport pathways were ranked and quantified, and numerical implementation of best management practices (BMPs) determined which practice may have the highest likelihood for reducing pesticide loadings. Approximately 85% of the predicted chlorpyrifos mass detected between May 1, 1996, and April 30, 1997 resulted from drift, with the largest contributions coming from walnut orchards immediately adjacent to Orestimba Creek. Various simulated drift mitigation measures suggest chlorpyrifos mass loadings can be decreased by over 90% depending upon the type of mitigation chosen. Imposed drift BMPs should be effective in reducing chlorpyrifos levels found in surface waters of the San Joaquin valley if the Orestimba creek watershed is considered representative of watersheds found in this area of California.     

分散固相萃取法对果蔬中农药残留前处理的优化

以分散固相萃取法为前处理技术,乙腈为提取溶剂,建立了气相色谱-硫磷检测器（GC-FPD）分析苹果中10种有机磷农药残留的方法。实验表明,该方法可获得较高的回收率和精密度。分散固相萃取法较传统前处理方法更加简便,快速,是一种更有效的前处理技术。     

Toxicity of a complex mixture of atmospherically transported pesticides to Ceriodaphnia dubia

The presence of several anthropogenic chemicals has been documented in the atmosphere of the Canadian prairies. The deposition of these chemicals as a mixture is of importancesince little is known of the combined effects of these chemicalson aquatic organisms. This study was designed to evaluate theacute and chronic toxicity of a complex mixture of nineatmospherically transported pesticides to Ceriodaphniadubia. The nine selected pesticides (bromoxynil, dicamba, 2,4-D,MCPA, triallate, trifluralin, pentachlorophenol, lindane, and4,4-DDT) were detected in appreciable quantities in dryatmospheric deposits. The concentration of each pesticide in themixture was based on maximum measured daily dry deposition ratesfor central Canada, except for pentachlorophenol, which wasestimated based on atmospheric concentrations. The 48-h LC50estimate for C. dubia exposed to the pesticide mixture was174.60 g L^-1 (340 times the measured total dry deposition concentration). The estimated NOEC and LOEC for bothsurvival and reproduction, as determined in the 7-d chronic toxicity test, were 51.3 (100 times) and 154 g L^-1 (300 times), respectively. A basic risk assessment, using the toxic unit approach, suggested that the toxicity of the pesticide mixture was mainly due to 4,4-DDT. Overall, this atmospherically transported complex mixture of pesticides appearsto pose a negligible toxicological risk to non-target aquatic invertebrates such as zooplankton.     

强化微电解法预处理难降解农药废水

为了更好地发挥微电解法预处理难降解农药废水的效能,对其进行强化研究。针对某难降解农药废水,考察了Cu/Fe双金属体系、Ni/Fe双金属体系、添加MnO2催化剂及超声波、电解与铁炭分别结合这5种强化途径去除COD的效果。结果表明,这5种强化途径对污染物的去除率分别为72.3%、68.0%、67.8%、70.0%和76.8%,相比于单独微电解,COD去除率均有较大提高。结合经济成本的考虑,镀Cu双金属微电解体系能够实现经济高效地预处理农药废水。     

Determination of soil content in chlordecone (organochlorine pesticide) using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)

Chlordecone is a toxic organochlorine insecticide that was used in banana plantations until 1993 in the French West Indies. This study aimed at assessing the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for determining chlordecone content in Andosols, Nitisols and Ferralsols from Martinique. Using partial least square regression, chlordecone content conventionally determined through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry could be correctly predicted by NIRS (Q² = 0.75, R² = 0.82 for the total set), especially for samples with chlordecone content <12 mg kg⁻¹ or when the sample set was rather homogeneous (Q² = 0.91, R² = 0.82 for the Andosols). Conventional measures and NIRS predictions were poorly correlated for chlordecone content >12 mg kg⁻¹, nevertheless ca. 80% samples were correctly predicted when the set was divided into three or four classes of chlordecone content. Thus NIRS could be considered a time- and cost-effective method for characterising soil contamination by chlordecone.     

新烟碱类农药在土壤中环境行为的研究进展

目前新烟碱类农药已占据了世界最大的杀虫剂市场份额,同时土壤是该类农药进入环境系统的源头,厘清其在土壤中的环境行为对探索新烟碱类农药的环境归趋和生态评价均具有重要的意义.本文总结并梳理了新烟碱类农药在土壤中主要环境行为的研究现状,包括吸附、解吸及降解行为;分析了农药本身性质、土壤成分及类型、pH值、温度、含水量等因子对该类农药吸附和解吸的影响机制;同时探讨了降解土壤新烟碱类农药的微生物菌群、光解和水解机理,并对新烟碱类农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望.     

恶唑菌酮在柑橘土壤中的残留动态研究

采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)测定了恶唑菌酮在柑桔及土壤中的残留量,方法的最低检出浓度分别是:对20g桔皮和土壤样品为0.0048mg/kg,对50g桔肉样品为0.001mg/kg,。动态和最终残留试验结果表明:恶唑菌酮在柑桔全果和土壤中的半衰期分别为21.73￣23.98d和9.68￣11.81d;按推荐剂量即恶唑菌酮6.25%WG稀释1000倍液喷施桔树,最多4次,最后一次施药距采收间隔期为20d,恶唑菌酮在收获的柑桔全果和桔肉中的残留量均低于最大残留限量,食用桔肉是安全的。     

气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度检测器测定痕量有机磷农药

在水样和土壤样中分别加入二氯甲烷和丙酮，用超声波提取水样中敌敌畏、乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、对硫磷等5种有机磷农药和土壤样中甲拌磷、二嗪磷、异稻瘟净、杀螟农、溴硫磷、水胺硫磷、稻丰散、杀扑磷等8种有机磷农药，大大地简化了测定的预处理过程。应用气相色谱法HP—5石英毛细管柱分离，脉冲式火焰光度检测器检测，取得了较好的测定结果。水样中农药的检测限≤0．O02mg／L，土壤样中农药的检测限≤0．O02mg／kg，相对标准偏差水样＜7％，土壤样＜10％，加标回收率水样在84％—96％之间，土壤样在80％—108％之间，均满足测定要求。     

基于DIN测试的场地土壤PAHs生物可给性及健康风险研究

为了解决目前基于总量风险评估导致土壤PAHs修复目标过严的问题,采用德国标准研究院(Deutsches Institut fur Normung)的方法(DIN 19738)研究了北京某焦化厂(BJ)、山东某钢铁厂(SD)、北京某钢铁厂(BG)和大连某农药厂(DL) 4个不同地区大型典型污染场地中荧蒽(FLT)、芘(PYR)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BBF)、苯并[a]芘(BAP)和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(IPY)5种PAHs的生物可给性,并探究了禁食及进食(奶粉、苹果)状态下生物可给性的变化.结果表明:①5种PAHs生物可给性随模拟胃肠液添加食物及种类的不同而有所不同.添加奶粉时BJ、SD、BG和DL场地土壤中FLT、PYR、BBF、BAP、IPY 5种PAHs的生物可给性范围分别为1.2%～4.2%、5.5%～15.7%、11.2%～18.0%、15.3%～68.5%,添加苹果时依次为0.2%～1.3%、0.8%～6.1%、1.3%～11.9%、21.7%～82.8%禁食状况下依次为0.2%～1.4%、0.6%～5.2%、0.7%～10.6%、20.8%～73.6%.②基于考虑和不考虑...