甲胺磷对土壤中磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的影响

报道了土壤中施入不同浓度有机磷杀虫剂甲胺磷（ｍｅｔｈａｍｉｄｏｐｈｏｓ）后对土壤磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明：甲胺磷对脱氢酶和３种磷酸酶的活性均有不同程度的抑制。其抑制强度和作用时间随浓度升高而加剧和延长，但随着时间的推移，这种抑制作用逐渐消失，并产生微弱的刺激效应。甲胺磷对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响大于中性和碱性磷酸酶。初步讨论了酶活性与微生物生长的变化情况。     

臭氧和基于臭氧的高级氧化工艺降解农药的研究进展

由于农药的环境持久性以及毒性,饮用水源中的农药微污染日益受到水处理行业的关注.在众多水处理工艺中,由于其高效氧化去除有机污染物及控制嗅味等特点,臭氧及其相关高级氧化技术的应用已日趋广泛.本文综述了这些氧化技术对多类代表性农药(包括有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、氯乙酰胺和三嗪等)的降解效能,详细讨论了农药的降解效率、反应动力学、降解副产物的分析鉴定及可能的反应途径,并评估了降解副产物的毒性,以期为饮用水源遭受农药微污染时的处理工艺选择与优化提供有益参考.     

复配农药污染土壤的微生物修复研究进展

随着农药使用量的急剧增加以及农药种类的发展,农药在土壤中的残留累积情况越来越严重,引起了社会广泛的关注,但以往对农药污染的研究主要集中在农药单体上,而复配农药作为现今的使用热点,没有得到足够的重视。本文以现有复配农药在土壤环境中的研究情况为基础,针对目前应用较多的除草剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂之间的复配情况进行分析,以典型复配农药在土壤环境中的降解情况及环境行为为研究对象,介绍复配农药在土壤环境修复中的研究进展,为农药污染处理方面提供参考。     

我国化肥和农药非点源污染状况综述

从农田排水与径流对地表水体的污染，渗漏对地下水体的污染和生态系统内部结构破坏加剧污染物流失等３个方面综述了我国近年来在化肥、农药非点源污染调查与研究方面取得的成果。     

催化湿式过氧化氢氧化农药废水Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂的研究

研究了Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂的载体粒度、负载量、焙烧温度和Ce添加量等因素对催化剂活性及稳定性的影响,其最佳制备条件为:80—100目SiO2载体、4%负载量,700℃焙烧温度,0.16%Ce添加量.利用BET比表面积、XRD和金属溶出量对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂催化湿式过氧化氢氧化降解处理吡虫啉农药废水,在催化剂用量10g·l-1,反应温度110℃,双氧水用量为理论需用量,进水pH值为9.0,反应60min的条件下,COD去除率为88.7%,活性组分溶出量较小.     

涕灭威农药污染地下水的影响因子分析

农药在土壤中的淋溶受许多因子的影响与制约。本文根据农药在土壤中的环境行为，建立了农药土壤残留动态与淋溶归宿的计算机模型，并用此模型计算了模拟各种不同环境条件下涕灭威农药在土层中的淋溶情况。结果表明：农药的使用量、土层中农药的降解半衰期、施药地区土壤的质地、降水或灌溉水量及其距施药后的时间对涕灭威在土层中的淋溶有较大的影响，而土壤有机碳含量则影响不大；地下水埋深对农药地下水污染的影响颇大。地下水埋深不足１ｍ的地区，极易受农药的污染。     

蜥蜴生态毒理学研究进展

蜥蜴是爬行动物的重要组成部分,开展蜥蜴的生态毒理学研究对爬行动物毒理学研究具有一定代表性。本文介绍了蜥蜴生态毒理学研究的重要性,系统回顾了前人对重金属以及有机污染物所开展的相关研究,以及近年来在模式动物筛选方法和标准试验方法的建立上取得的成就,并对未来的工作进行了展望。     

Loss of Pesticides from Agricultural Fields in SE Norway – Runoff Through Surface and Drainage Water

Loss of two pesticides with different mobility characteristics, bentazone (Koc 34) and propiconazole (Koc 1800), were studied at three agricultural fields (Askim, Bjørnebekk and Syverud) in SE Norway. A conservative tracer (Br) was used to follow the flow of water. The loss of pesticides varied among the fields, depending on hydrological characteristics and soil properties. The loss of pesticides was higher from two artificially levelled silty clay loam soils with poor aggregate stability (Askim and Bjørnebekk) compared to a loam/silt loam soil with increased content of organic carbon and better aggregate stability (Syverud). The total accumulated loss was <0.5% from all fields. The highest pesticide concentrations were measured at the first runoff episode after application for both the mobile (bentazone) and less mobile pesticide (propiconazole) in the surface runoff. In the drainage water, the peak for the less mobile pesticide coincided with the Br tracer, while the peak for mobile pesticide appeared earlier than the Br tracer. Rapid movement of water, particles and pesticides through soils indicate flow through macropores. Larger proportions (in percent of total applied) of both the mobile and the strongly sorbed pesticides were lost through the drainage as compared to the loss through surface runoff at Askim. Here, it is suggested that macropore flow contribute to the increased loss of pesticides through the drainage. At Syverud, high infiltration capacity reduces the amount of water available for surface runoff, and somewhat higher loss of the mobile pesticide was registered in the drainage compared to the surface runoff. For the strongly sorbed pesticide, however, propiconazole was neither detected in surface nor in drainage water at Syverud. Generally, there was a higher percentage loss of the mobile compared to the strongly sorbed pesticide in both surface and drainage water, which is in agreement with the pesticides mobility characteristics in soil. An exception was, however, the erodible soil Bjørnebekk, where a higher fraction of propiconazole was lost in the surface runoff compared to bentazone. Large amounts of sediment transport from the Bjørnebekk field probably contributed to enhanced transport of the strongly sorbed pesticide.     

在线凝胶色谱净化结合三重四极杆气质联用仪在非目标物农药残留筛查中的应用

本文采用岛津公司的GPC-GC-MS/MS系统,在无需标准品的情况下,建立了筛查食品中非目标物农药残留的筛查方法.食品样品经简单前处理后,分别添加10种农残混标,采用所建立的MRM采集方法对目标组分进行灵敏度考察.在10 μg·L-1浓度下,食品样品中的10种常见农药残留均被筛查出来,且组分相应信号高.该方法简单易操作、灵敏度高,完全满足食品安全中农药残留筛查和检测的要求.