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41.
Coevolution is defined as specialized relationships between species that lead to a reciprocal evolutionary change. A particularly
suitable model system for studying coevolution is the interactions between obligate avian brood parasites and their hosts.
The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus, hereafter cuckoo) is a well-known brood parasite, which utilizes a range of smaller passerines as hosts. However, warblers
of the genus Hippolais have rarely been reported as being victims of cuckoos, and furthermore, few data exist on the occurrence of antiparasite
defenses in these hosts. In this study, we examined possible host–parasite coevolution between cuckoos and eastern olivaceous
warblers (Hippolais pallida elaeica, hereafter olivaceous warblers) in three closely situated areas in northwestern Bulgaria. The olivaceous warbler has never
been reported to be a regular cuckoo host. However, the present study, carried out in 2001–2003 shows that the olivaceous
warbler is regularly and heavily parasitized by the cuckoo in this area. Parasitism rate was high (26.6%, 34/128) and consistent
among years, with some variation between areas. The cuckoo egg mimicry was moderately good, and olivaceous warbler rejection
rate of such eggs was 50%. Cuckoo eggs laid in olivaceous warbler nests had a whitish to whitish-green ground color, and the
majority appeared to be distinctly different from cuckoo eggs found in other host species in the area. The olivaceous warbler
proved to be a rather good host for cuckoos as 20.6% (7/34) of cuckoo eggs laid produced fledglings, a breeding success comparable
to other suitable hosts in Europe. This is the first in-depth study of brood parasitism in a warbler of the genus Hippolais, and cuckoos parasitizing olivaceous warblers probably represent a previously unknown gens. 相似文献
42.
Donald C. Dearborn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,43(4-5):259-270
Understanding the selective forces that limit the exaggeration of begging signals is a critical issue in understanding the
evolution of begging behavior. I studied the begging behavior of nestlings of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), a brood parasite. In the nests of indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea), brown-headed cowbird nestlings received approximately twice as much food per hour than their host nestmates. I tested three
hypotheses for the mechanism by which cowbirds acquired more food than their bunting nestmates: the size advantage hypothesis,
the signal exaggeration hypothesis, and the novel begging behavior hypothesis. I found support for the hypotheses that cowbirds
acquire more food as a result of their larger body size, and due to the exaggeration of begging signals that are not dependent
on body size. I did not find support for the role of novel begging behaviors in cowbird food acquisition. These results suggest
that food acquisition by host chicks in unparasitized nests could be increased by the exaggeration of begging signals. Recent
work suggests that such exaggeration may be limited by the risk of nest predation, but further studies are needed.
Received: 12 December 1997 / Accepted after revision: 29 December 1997 相似文献
43.
Gregory J. Robertson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,43(4-5):289-296
Hypotheses regarding the evolution and maintenance of intraspecific nest parasitism were tested with data collected during
a 3-year study of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) breeding near Churchill, Manitoba. The nest parasitism rate was highest (42.4% of nests) during the year with the highest
nest density and the best environmental conditions, and lowest (20.2% of nests) in the year with the lowest nest density and
the poorest environmental conditions. Over the nesting season, parasitic eggs were laid at the same time as normally laid
eggs. Most parasitic eggs (>75%) were laid before the host female laid her third egg. The majority of the parasitic eggs were
the first or second egg produced by the parasitic female. When a parasitic egg was laid before or on the same day as the host
female initiated her clutch, the probability of her first egg being depredated before incubation was significantly lowered.
First- and second-laid eggs suffered a high rate of predation probably because nesting females do not attend their clutch
until their second or third egg is laid. Hypotheses that some females use intraspecific nest parasitism to parasitize the
parental care of other females were inconsistent with these data. Egg adoption is a likely explanation for the prevalence
of females incubating parasitic eggs in this population.
Received: 30 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 6 May 1998 相似文献
44.
The short-sighted selection hypothesis for parasite virulence predicts that winners of within-host competition are poorer at transmission to new hosts. Social parasitism by self-replicating, female-producing workers occurs in the Cape honeybee Apis mellifera capensis, and colonies of other honeybee subspecies are susceptible hosts. We found high within-host virulence but low transmission rates in a clone of social parasitic A. m. capensis workers invading the neighbouring subspecies A. m. scutellata. In contrast, parasitic workers from the endemic range of A. m. capensis showed low within-host virulence but high transmission rates. This suggests a short-sighted selection scenario for the host-parasite co-evolution in the invasive range of the Cape honeybee, probably facilitated by beekeeping-assisted parasite transmission in apiaries. 相似文献