The collection of PM10 for toxicological investigation: comparisons between different collecting devices

A positive correlation has been established between increased levels of airborne particulate pollution and adverse health effects, the toxicological mechanisms of which are poorly understood. For toxicologists to unambiguously determine thesemechanisms, truly representative samples of ambient PM₁₀ are required. This presents problems, as PM₁₀ collecting equipment commonly employed, such as the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM®), heat the inflow toexclude moisture or use fibrous filters, resulting in a PM₁₀sample that may have undergone significant chemical change on thefilter surface or is contaminated by filter fibres. Other systems(i.e. Negretti and Partisol) can successfully collect PM₁₀ without chemical alteration or filter contamination. Comparativecollections from Port Talbot, S. Wales suggest that TEOMs and Negretti/Partisol systems collect different PM₁₀'s; the principle difference arising from the TEOM's heating chamber, which precipitates water-soluble ions and volatilises some organic components. This results in both the mass and compositionof the PM₁₀'s being altered. Particle size distributionsfor Negretti and Partisol collections highlighted differences mainly attributed to different flow rates. The results of thiswork demonstrate that simple correlations between PM₁₀ massand adverse health effects are problematic. Furthermore, elucidation of the complex fractionation and chemical changes indifferent collectors is necessary.     

Analysis of pollutant levels in central Hong Kong applying neural network method with particle swarm optimization

Air pollution has emerged as an imminent issue in modernsociety. Prediction of pollutant levels is an importantresearch topic in atmospheric environment today. For fulfillingsuch prediction, the use of neural network (NN), and inparticular the multi-layer perceptrons, has presented to be acost-effective technique superior to traditional statisticalmethods. But their training, usually with back-propagation (BP)algorithm or other gradient algorithms, is often with certaindrawbacks, such as: 1) very slow convergence, and 2) easilygetting stuck in a local minimum. In this paper, a newlydeveloped method, particle swarm optimization (PSO) model, isadopted to train perceptrons, to predict pollutant levels, andas a result, a PSO-based neural network approach is presented. The approach is demonstrated to be feasible and effective bypredicting some real air-quality problems.     

超高效气溶胶净化系统有效性现场检验研究

各类超高效气溶胶净化系统普遍存在的较为突出的问题是:缺乏系统工作有效性现场检测手段,难以判断系统防护是否失效。根据超高效滤料过滤特性和测试原理,并在分析了大气气溶胶对过滤效率测试影响的基础上,提出大气气溶胶背景下,基于粒数浓度测量和使用发生的高浓度单分散气溶胶作为实验气溶胶的净化系统防护有效性现场检验测试技术及系统组成,并进行了验证。     

基于WebGIS和粒子系统的空气污染预测动态可视化展示技术

在完成国家"863"项目"重点城市群大气复合污染综合防治技术与集成示范"(3c-star)的过程中,我们研发了具有自主知识产权的"区域大气环境综合管理和辅助决策系统",其中创造性地利用NetCDF、Silverlight、WebGIS、粒子系统、多媒体等技术实现了空气污染预测动态可视化数据展示。本文阐述了工作的背景、技术要点及成果。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran in urban air of an Andean city

Particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air were monitored together with particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM₁₀) at three sampling sites of the Andean city of Manizales, Colombia; during September 2009 and July 2010. PCDD/Fs ambient air emissions ranged from 1 fg WHO-TEQ m⁻³ to 52 fg WHO-TEQ m⁻³ in particulate fraction. The PM₁₀ concentrations ranged from 23 μg m⁻³ to 54 μg m⁻³. Concentrations of PM₁₀ and PCDD/Fs in ambient air observed for Manizales - a medium sized city with a population of 380 000 - were comparable to concentrations in larger cities. The highest concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PM₁₀ found in this study were determined at the central zone of the city, characterized by public transportation density, where diesel as principal fuel is used. In addition, hypothetical gas fractions of PCDD/Fs were calculated from theoretical K_p data. Congener profiles of PCDD/Fs exhibited ratios associated with different combustion sources at the different sampling locations, ranging from steel recycling to gasoline and diesel engines. Taking into account particle and gas hypothetical fraction of PCDD/Fs, Manizales exhibited values of PCDD/Fs equivalent to rural and urban-industrial sites in the southeast and center of the city respectively. Poor correlation of PCDDs with PM₁₀ (r = −0.55 and r = 0.52) suggests ambient air PCDDs were derived from various combustion sources. Stronger correlation was observed of PCDFs with PM₁₀. Poor correlation between precipitation and reduced PM₁₀ concentration in ambient air (r = −0.45) suggested low PM₁₀ removal by rainfall.     

油田聚合物驱采出污水絮凝过程研究

针对油田聚合物驱（简称聚驱）采出污水,通过对油滴粒度分布、絮凝指数、油水分离特性和Zeta电位等指标的测定,研究了聚合物、温度、药剂以及搅拌强度对絮凝过程的影响,并探讨了影响聚驱采出污水油水分离效果的主要原因.结果表明,静电排斥并不是聚驱采出污水异常稳定的主要原因. 聚驱采出污水的油水分离特性与水驱采出污水相比存在显著差别,主要因为聚合物阻碍了小油滴的碰撞絮凝. 投加250mg/L由改性聚醚类破乳剂和弱阳离子絮凝剂复合而成的CHP-03药剂,可以有效克服聚合物的阻碍作用,获得92%的含油去除率. 该药剂在絮凝过程中并不依靠电中和机理来实现油滴的脱稳. 在现场条件下,温度的提高不能明显地促进油滴絮凝的有效性. 适当的高速搅拌可以加快絮体生长. 油滴之间的聚结破乳滞后于絮凝,絮凝的后期应避免剧烈搅拌,防止尚未聚结破乳的油滴重新分散.     

Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC粒子电极的制备及可见光光电催化协同降解RhB

制备Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC粒子电极,应用于可见光助三维电极/电Fenton(Vis-3D/EF)光电催化体系中,以RhB为目标污染物,研究了可见光光电催化对RhB的协同降解.实验优化了Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC粒子电极的制备条件,并与活性炭粒子电极、活性炭负载TiO2粒子电极在Vis-3D/EF体系中的光电催化性能进行对比,结果表明:TiO2浸渍液浓度为2g/L,Fe-Ni掺杂比为5:5,Fe:Ni:TiO2物质的量比为0.5:0.5:100的条件下制备的粒子电极在Vis-3D/EF体系中表现出最优的光电催化性能,60min对RhB的去除率达92.58%,优于活性炭粒子电极和活性炭负载TiO2粒子电极.自制粒子电极在Vis-3D/EF体系比在3D/EF体系对RhB的去除率提高29.46%,表现出明显的光催化和三维电极/电Fenton协同处理效果,协同指数为1.18,说明了自制粒子电极应用在Vis-3D/EF组合技术中,实现对RhB的可见光光电协同降解是可行的.     

污染物浓度与土壤粒径对热脱附修复DDTs污染土壤的影响

采集2种不同性质的土壤(黑土和棕壤)作为供试土壤,自配不同污染浓度(棕壤)和不同粒径(黑土)的DDT及其同系物(即DDTs,包括p,p′-DDT,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDE)污染土壤,采用热脱附方法,分别对300 ℃,5个停留时间(10,20,30,40和50 min)下的DDTs总去除率及热处理前后各组分的脱附情况进行研究.结果表明,不同污染水平〔w(DDTs)分别为290.17,498.69和718.69 mg/kg〕的污染土壤中,DDTs的总去除率差异不显著.此外,在整个热处理过程中,污染水平对4种DDT及其同系物在土壤中的去除率也没有显著影响.而土壤粒径(0.25～0.85 mm,0.15～＜0.25 mm,＜0.15 mm)对DDTs的去除率影响显著,粒径越大的土壤越有利于DDTs脱附.单因素方差结果显示,粒径对土壤中p,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDE的脱附和转化有显著影响.      

宿州市街尘重金属的粒径分布特征及污染评价

在宿州市不同功能区采集23个街尘样品,利用X-Ray荧光光谱法测定了样品中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cr、V的含量,分析了街尘重金属的粒径分布特征,并利用地累积指数法对其污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:(1)宿州市街尘中细颗粒质量比重较高,在<75μm、75～150μm、150～250μm、250～500μm四个粒径段的街尘质量比例分别为39.73%、27.52%、22.57%和10.18%;(2)街尘中各重金属元素的含量最大值均出现在<75μm和75～150μm粒径范围内,说明重金属易在细颗粒中富集;(3)各重金属元素在<75μm粒径范围内的赋存比例均高于其他3个粒径级别,达40%左右;(4)随着街尘粒径的由粗到细,其重金属污染程度从无污染到轻度污染,各重金属元素的污染程度依次为:Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>V>Mn。     

上海市含碳大气颗粒物的粒径分布

使用STAPLEX大流量六级采样器(<0.49μm、0.49～0.95μm、0.95～1.5μm、1.5～3.0μm、3.0～7.2μm和>7.2μm),结合DRI Model 2001热光碳分析仪(TOR),分析了2010年5月～2011年5月期间上海市嘉定区(市郊)、徐汇区(市区)的大气颗粒物样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的粒径分布.结果表明,不同粒径的OC和EC质量浓度均呈双峰分布,较高峰出现于<0.49μm粒径段,次高峰则出现于>3.0μm的两个粒径段.嘉定区(JD)和徐汇区(XH)PM3.0中OC的质量浓度分别为16.35μg.m-3和11.85μg.m-3,EC质量浓度分别为2.22μg.m-3和1.91μg.m-3,市郊大气颗粒物中碳组分质量浓度高于市区,说明市郊碳污染更为严重.在<1.5μm的粒径段,嘉定区OC与EC的同源性较好,表明其中大部分OC来自于燃烧源.两地区不同粒径OC/EC值与不同排放源特征值的对比,可以说明徐汇区更多受到机动车尾气排放和道路扬尘的影响.通过EC示踪法计算二次有机碳(SOC)质量浓度可知:上海市SOC质量浓度较高,PM3.0中达到6.76μg.m-3,占OC的质量分数为69%,粒径分布呈双峰分布,峰值位于0.49～0.95μm和3.0～7.2μm粒径段.