利用PUF被动采样技术研究长三角城市群大气中多环芳烃的时空分布及来源

大气是环境污染研究领域重要的介质之一,大气被动采样技术在近10年来已发展成为主动大流量采样的重要补充手段.利用聚氨酯泡沫(polyurethane foam,PUF)被动采样技术在区域尺度上对长三角城市群大气中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行监测.通过对31组采样点的研究发现,长三角城市群大气中PAHs的浓度在10.1～367 ng.m-3之间,苯并[a]芘(BaP)年平均浓度高达2.25 ng.m-3,超出GB 3095-2012规定限值两倍多.PAHs季节变化趋势为秋季>冬季>春季>夏季,秋冬季节长三角城市群大气中BaP的超标范围较大,其中冬季有明显的BaP排放.交通石油源、煤和生物质燃烧和焦炉排放源是该区域大气中PAHs的主要来源,贡献率依次为38.1%、42.4%和19.5%.     

极性有机化合物整合采样技术在水环境有机污染物监测中的应用

极性有机化合物整合采样技术(Polar organic chemical integrative samplers,POCIS)适用于极性有机污染物的采集,随着新型极性有机污染物的不断出现,该技术已经引起了科学家的广泛关注.本文概述了几种常用的被动采样装置,重点介绍了POCIS采样器的一般结构、富集原理、环境因素如流速、温度、pH、溶解性有机质、盐度及膜的污染等对采样速率的影响,讨论了针对极性物质检测的质量控制和保证以及性能参考物质,综述了POCIS在水环境有机污染物监测中的应用.最后,本文对POCIS的应用前景进行了展望.     

A Biomimetic Approach to the Detection and Identification of Estrogen Receptor Agonists in Surface Waters Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis (12 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Some anthropogenic pollutants posses the capacity to disrupt endogenous control of developmental and reproductive processes in aquatic biota by activating estrogen receptors. Many anthropogenic estrogen receptor agonists (ERAs) are hydrophobic and will therefore readily partition into the abiotic organic carbon phases present in natural waters. This partitioning process effectively reduces the proportion of ERAs readily available for bioconcentration by aquatic biota. Results from some studies have suggested that for many aquatic species, bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction may be the principal route of uptake for hydrophobic pollutants with logarithm n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) values less than approximately 6.0, which includes the majority of known anthropogenic ERAs. The detection and identification of freely-dissolved readily bioconcentratable ERAs is therefore an important aspect of exposure and risk assessment. However, most studies use conventional techniques to sample total ERA concentrations and in doing so frequently fail to account for bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction. The aim of the current study was to couple the biomimetic sampling properties of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to a bioassay-directed chemical analysis (BDCA) scheme for the detection and identification of readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. Methods SPMDs were constructed and deployed at a number of sites in Germany and the UK. Following the dialytic recovery of target compounds and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, SPMD samples were fractionated using a reverse-phase HPLC method calibrated to provide an estimation of target analyte log Kow. A portion of each HPLC fraction was then subjected to the yeast estrogen screen (YES) to determine estrogenic potential. Results were plotted in the form of 'estrograms' which displayed profiles of estrogenic potential as a function of HPLC retention time (i.e. hydrophobicity) for each of the samples. Where significant activity was elicited in the YES, the remaining portion of the respective active fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis in an attempt to identify the ERAs present. Results and Discussion Estrograms from each of the field samples showed that readily bioconcentratable ERAs were present at each of the sampling sites. Estimated log Kow values for the various active fractions ranged from 1.92 to 8.63. For some samples, estrogenic potential was associated with a relatively narrow range of log Kow values whilst in others estrogenic potential was more widely distributed across the respective estrograms. ERAs identified in active fractions included some benzophenones, various nonylphenol isomers, benzyl butyl phthalate, dehydroabietic acid, sitosterol, 3-(4-methylbenzylidine)camphor (4-MBC) and 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (AHTN). Other tentatively identified compounds which may have contributed to the observed YES activity included various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives, methylated benzylphenols, various alkylphenols and dialkylphenols. However, potential ERAs present in some active fractions remain unidentified. Conclusions and Outlook Our results show that SPMD-YES-based BDCA can be used to detect and identify readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. As such, this biomimetic approach can be employed as an alternative to conventional methodologies to provide investigators with a more environmentally relevant insight into the distribution and identity of ERAs in surface waters. The use of alternative bioassays also has the potential to expand SPMD-based BDCA to include a wide range of toxicological endpoints. Improvements to the analytical methodology used to identify ERAs or other target compounds in active fractions in the current study could greatly enhance the applicability of the methodology to risk assessment and monitoring programmes.     

瓦斯压力测定时间及其受控因素分析

提前掌握瓦斯压力测定所需时间,对准确高效地测定煤层瓦斯压力非常重要。以被动式岩巷测压为例,在初步分析测压钻孔周围煤体初始瓦斯压力分布规律、游离瓦斯与吸附瓦斯的关系、瓦斯流量衰减规律及瓦斯流场平衡条件的基础上,从理论上推导出瓦斯压力测定时间计算公式。将该公式与现场瓦斯压力测定监测数据进行对比分析,并研究瓦斯压力测定时间的影响因素。结果表明,理论分析结果与现场瓦斯压力测定情况基本一致,测压时间的误差仅为6%;改变测压钻孔初始气体压力(主动式测压)是唯一有实用价值的方法。     

遂宁市环境空气中SO2时空分布特征研究

本文采取环境质量监测工作中被动采样法,具有适用性强、地域范围广、使用周期长的特点,按照遂宁市辖区内16km×16km均匀网格布点,开展了为期一年的大气中SO2研究,分析区域内SO2浓度时空变化,以图形化方式表达.研究表明:整个遂宁市辖区范围内SO2浓度整体水平不高;不同时间、不同区域内的SO2浓度差异较大,秋冬高、春夏低;工业集中区浓度较高;受常年主导风向西北风以及污染源整体布局的综合影响,辖区范围内SO2浓度呈现西北低、东南高的趋势.     

中美校车安全标准比较研究

为促进我国校车安全标准法规的发展,提高我国校车的安全技术水平,选择美国校车安全标准作为我国校车安全标准比较研究的对象,分别从校车的一般安全、主动安全和被动安全技术条件方面,将我国现已实施的校车安全标准和美国的校车安全标准进行比较。研究结果表明,我国校车安全标准和美国的校车安全标准之间存在一定差异,在应急出口、碰撞试验等方面还存在不足。根据研究结果,提出有关制定适合中国国情的校车安全标准和法规的建议。     

Foliar Phenolics in Sugar Maple (Acer Saccharum) as a Potential Indicator of Tropospheric Ozone Pollution

Tropospheric O₃ has been implicated in the declining health of forest ecosystems in Europe and North America and has been shown to have negative consequences on human health. We have measured tropospheric ozone (O₃) in the lower canopy through the use of passive monitors located in five woodlots along a 150 km urban–rural transect, originating in the large urban complex of Toronto, Canada. We also sampled foliage from 10 mature sugar maple trees in each woodlot and measured the concentration of a number of phenolic compounds and macronutrients. O₃ concentrations were highest in the two rural woodlots, located approximately 150 km downwind of Toronto, when compared to the woodlots found within the Greater Toronto Area. Foliar concentrations of three flavonoids, avicularin, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin, were significantly greater and nitrogen concentrations significantly lower at these same rural woodlots, suggesting some physiological disruption is occurring in those sites where exposure to tropospheric O₃ is greater. We suggest that foliar phenolics of sugar maple may be a biochemical indicator of tropospheric ozone exposure.     

安全产品的供求特性及其与行业安全形势的关系初探

基于安全经济学的基本原理，通过对不同行业的自动安全水平和法定安全水平之间的关系的分析，论述了不同行业安全产品的需求特性，以及与此相适应的安全产品供给特性；并对安全产品的特殊供求机制与特定行业的安全形势之间的关系进行了初步的探讨，提出了提高行业安全水平的对策。     

大气汞被动采样器研究进展

大气汞浓度监测日益受到重视,使用主动监测系统进行大气汞浓度监测需要持续电力供应,专业人员进行定期维护,且仪器普遍昂贵,因此不适宜在环境恶劣或基础设施落后的偏远地区进行,也难以进行大范围高密度布设。大气汞被动采样器由于造价便宜、不易受恶劣环境影响、采样过程中不需要人力及电力设施支持,可以在偏远地区实施无人值守监测,应用空间广泛。大气汞被动采样器在近年发展迅速,针对不同形态汞浓度监测有多种类型采样器。本文回顾已有大气汞被动采样器研究,针对各采样器的设计原理、采样效率及其在大气汞监测中的实际应用进行综述。     

静态雾水采集器性能的评估

文章通过对日本神奈川县丹沢.大山中不同位置安装的静态雾水采集器采集样品的分析结果,分别与动态雾水采集器及同一地点采集的雨水样品的分析结果进行线性相关性的分析后得出:动态雾水采集器的性能虽然好于静态雾水采集器。但是,静态雾水采集器安置的环境如果适当,那么静态雾水采集器所采集的样品能够反映大气环境的状况,并且由于其价格低廉、不耗电特点,是一个很好的大气监测设备。