被动采样-UV法测定环境空气中的臭氧浓度

研究被动采样-UV法测定臭氧浓度.以NaNO2作为诱捕试剂,用被动采样器吸收O3,然后在紫外分光光度计上进行测定.通过测定所生成的NO-3浓度,间接计算出臭氧浓度.结果表明,测得臭氧浓度范围在20～100 μg/m3,NO-3浓度线性范围在0～0.6 mmol/L.在测定NO-3浓度时,NO-2会造成很大的干扰,但在实验中,NO-2浓度在0～0.8 mmol/L,氨基磺酸都能有效地去除其干扰.该方法是简单、灵敏、可靠的测定环境空气中臭氧浓度的良好方法.     

被动采集大气颗粒物样品的粒径分布特征

在可同时采集气态与颗粒态大气污染物的被动采样装置中放置涂有薄层凡士林的载玻片,用于采集大气悬浮颗粒物,利用粒度粒形仪分析样品粒径分布特征,并深入探讨风速以及采样罐外壁添加300目滤网(孔径50μm)对样品粒径分布的影响.结果表明,在室内静风与室外相对封闭的条件下,添加滤网可有效阻止50μm的粗颗粒组分进入采样罐;而在室外有风的条件下,添加滤网后仍有粗颗粒进入采样罐中,但进入概率与风速大小之间无关.观察粒径10μm以下颗粒的分布曲线,室内静风条件下得到的分布曲线与主动采样得到的结果极为类似.而在有风条件下,3～5μm的颗粒组分比重有所减少,6～9μm颗粒组分比重明显增加.上述问题在被动采样器的使用中需予以考虑,结合样点具体情况判断是否添加滤网.     

被动电磁装甲系统的电感参数分析

把被动电磁装甲系统的电感划分为4个部分,分别进行了计算和讨论。根据计算所得的电感,获得了被动电磁装甲理论放电电流。通过与被动电磁装甲实测放电电流对比,有很好的一致性,说明电感计算方法可靠,为工程上控制电感量提供了依据,为被动电磁装甲的实验设计奠定了基础。     

不同休息方式对缓解监控作业疲劳的作用研究

为探讨消极休息与积极休息对缓解监控作业疲劳的作用,在分析监控作业特点基础上,利用计算机语言编程模拟监控作业,设计两个主实验分别从主观评价及生理心理指标测量等方面对被试者在采用不同方式休息前后的疲劳指标进行测量,并对数据进行差异性分析。实验数据分析结果表明:日常工作和生活中大家较多采用的消极休息方式能够在有限时间内较好缓解监控作业疲劳,以小强度运动为主的积极休息方式也能够较好地起到缓解监控作业疲劳的效果。但经过同样时间、同样强度的监控作业后,在相同短的休息时间内,采用积极休息方式比采用消极休息方式对于缓解监控作业疲劳更有效。     

Systematic Biases in Measurement of Urban Nitrogen Dioxide using Passive Diffusion Samplers

Measurement of nitrogen dioxide using passivediffusion tube over 22 months in Cambridge, U.K. areanalysed as a function of sampler exposure time, andcompared with NO₂ concentrations obtained from aco-located chemiluminescence analyser. The averageratios of passive sampler to analyser NO₂ at acity centre site (mean NO₂ concentration 22 ppb)are 1.27 (n = 22), 1.16 (n = 34) and 1.11 (n = 7) forexposures of 1, 2 and 4-weeks, respectively. Modellingthe generation of extra NO₂ arising from chemicalreaction between co-diffusing NO and O₃ in thetube gave a ratio (modelled/measured) of 1.31 for1-week exposures. Such overestimation is greatest whenNO₂ constitutes, on average, about half of totalNO_x (= NO + NO₂) at the monitoring locality.Although 4-week exposures gave concentrations whichwere not significantly different from analyserNO₂, there was no correlation between thedatasets. At both the city-centre site and anothersemi-rural site (mean NO₂ concentration 11 ppb)the average of the aggregate of four consecutive1-week sampler exposures or of two consecutive 2-weeksampler exposures was systematically greater than fora single 4-week exposure.The results indicate two independent and opposingsystematic biases in measurement of NO₂ bypassive diffusion sampler: an exposure-timeindependent chemical overestimation with magnitudedetermined by local relative concentrations of NO andO₃ to NO₂, and an exposure-time dependentreduction in sampling efficiency. The impact of theseand other potential sources of systematic bias on theapplication of passive diffusion tubes for assessingambient concentrations of NO₂ in short (1-week)or long (4-week) exposures are discussed in detail.     

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atmospheric Air of Tamil Nadu,India, and Human Health Risk Assessment

This study analyzed the seasonal distribution and the possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheric environment of Tamil Nadu, India. Passive air sampling was performed at 32 locations during the period from April 2009 to January 2010, and PAHs were quantified using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Analysis showed that the concentrations of PAHs were in the range of 5–47.5 ng/m³ with uniform distribution in urban areas in all seasons. Pre-monsoon season showed the highest cumulative concentration of PAHs in both agricultural and coastal areas. Among PAHs, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene levels were found to be predominant in all the samples, contributing up to 36%, 35.5%, and 24.5% of total PAHs, respectively. The signature of the PAHs obtained through diagnostic ratio and principal component analysis revealed that diesel emissions was the probable source of PAHs in all locations. Based on Word Health Organization guidelines, the human lung cancer risk due to observed level of PAH concentration (i.e., PAHs exposure) is meager. However, the risk is predicted to be more in the coastal area during summer (18 individuals among 0.1 million people). To the knowledge of these authors, this report is the first on the seasonal analysis of PAHs using passive air sampling in India.     

Experimental investigation on the phase change material-based modular heat exchanger for thermal management of a building

A phase change material (PCM)-based flat plate modular heat exchanger for free cooling application, suitable for the diurnal temperature variation that prevails during the summer months of Bangalore city, India is designed and experimentally investigated. The flow and other parameters selected in the present study are meant to suit the accelerated charging of the PCM in the modular heat exchanger during the early morning hours, and to provide cool energy to the room during the daytime, by circulating the ambient air through the heat exchanger at a lower velocity. It is observed from the charging experiments that the decrease in the inlet air temperature has more influence in reducing the solidification time than the increase in the inlet air velocity. The heat exchanger designed in the present investigation is capable of maintaining the room temperature around 30°C for a longer duration of 8 hr when the heat load is 0.5 kW. It is suggested to design the modular heat exchanger with a surface area proportionate to the present heat exchanger size when the room heat load increases beyond 0.5 kW, in order to maintain a minimum comfortable temperature of 30°C in the room.     

南宁市郊空气和大气干湿沉降物中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用空气被动采样器和大气干湿采样器分夏、冬季采集大气及其干湿沉降物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定16种多环芳烃(PAHs)优先控制污染物。结果表明:冬、夏季大气干湿沉降物中PAHs的平均值分别为581.06、174.59ng/(m2·d),冬季PAHs的组成以2～3环PAHs为主,夏季以4～6环PAHs为主;冬、夏季空气中PAHs的平均值分别为149.16、168.70ng/d,均以2～3环PAHs为主。大气干湿沉降物PAHs的沉降通量时空变化为:冬季,商住文教混合区农业区工业区;夏季,工业区农业区商住文教混合区;冬季大于夏季3.3倍。空气PAHs沉降通量的时空变化为:冬季,工业区商住文教混合区农业区;夏季,农业区工业区商住文教混合区;冬季略低于夏季。     

大气中持久性有机污染物的采样技术进展

大气是全球持久性有机污染物(persistent organic polutants,POPs)监测的重要环境介质,大气中POPs的采样技术是准确表征大气中POPs赋存水平的关键所在。近年来大气中POPs的采样技术发展很快。本文介绍了大气中POPs的两类采样方法:主动采样法(active air sampling,AAS)和被动采样法(passive air sampling,PAS),总结了新型吸附材料和新型采样器研发的成果,讨论了不同类型的采样方法的特点,对比分析了不同采样方法获得的POPs监测数据,并提出今后应用不同POPs大气采样技术在监测数据可对比性研究方面值得关注的问题。     

A Biomimetic Approach to the Detection and Identification of Estrogen Receptor Agonists in Surface Waters Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis (12 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Some anthropogenic pollutants posses the capacity to disrupt endogenous control of developmental and reproductive processes in aquatic biota by activating estrogen receptors. Many anthropogenic estrogen receptor agonists (ERAs) are hydrophobic and will therefore readily partition into the abiotic organic carbon phases present in natural waters. This partitioning process effectively reduces the proportion of ERAs readily available for bioconcentration by aquatic biota. Results from some studies have suggested that for many aquatic species, bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction may be the principal route of uptake for hydrophobic pollutants with logarithm n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) values less than approximately 6.0, which includes the majority of known anthropogenic ERAs. The detection and identification of freely-dissolved readily bioconcentratable ERAs is therefore an important aspect of exposure and risk assessment. However, most studies use conventional techniques to sample total ERA concentrations and in doing so frequently fail to account for bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction. The aim of the current study was to couple the biomimetic sampling properties of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to a bioassay-directed chemical analysis (BDCA) scheme for the detection and identification of readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. Methods SPMDs were constructed and deployed at a number of sites in Germany and the UK. Following the dialytic recovery of target compounds and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, SPMD samples were fractionated using a reverse-phase HPLC method calibrated to provide an estimation of target analyte log Kow. A portion of each HPLC fraction was then subjected to the yeast estrogen screen (YES) to determine estrogenic potential. Results were plotted in the form of 'estrograms' which displayed profiles of estrogenic potential as a function of HPLC retention time (i.e. hydrophobicity) for each of the samples. Where significant activity was elicited in the YES, the remaining portion of the respective active fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis in an attempt to identify the ERAs present. Results and Discussion Estrograms from each of the field samples showed that readily bioconcentratable ERAs were present at each of the sampling sites. Estimated log Kow values for the various active fractions ranged from 1.92 to 8.63. For some samples, estrogenic potential was associated with a relatively narrow range of log Kow values whilst in others estrogenic potential was more widely distributed across the respective estrograms. ERAs identified in active fractions included some benzophenones, various nonylphenol isomers, benzyl butyl phthalate, dehydroabietic acid, sitosterol, 3-(4-methylbenzylidine)camphor (4-MBC) and 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (AHTN). Other tentatively identified compounds which may have contributed to the observed YES activity included various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives, methylated benzylphenols, various alkylphenols and dialkylphenols. However, potential ERAs present in some active fractions remain unidentified. Conclusions and Outlook Our results show that SPMD-YES-based BDCA can be used to detect and identify readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. As such, this biomimetic approach can be employed as an alternative to conventional methodologies to provide investigators with a more environmentally relevant insight into the distribution and identity of ERAs in surface waters. The use of alternative bioassays also has the potential to expand SPMD-based BDCA to include a wide range of toxicological endpoints. Improvements to the analytical methodology used to identify ERAs or other target compounds in active fractions in the current study could greatly enhance the applicability of the methodology to risk assessment and monitoring programmes.