Chlorination of para-substituted phenols: Formation of α, β-unsaturated C4-dialdehydes and C4-dicarboxylic acids

Despite the widespread occurrence of phenols in anthropogenic and natural compounds, their fate in reactions with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), one of the most common water treatment disinfectants, remains incompletely understood. To close this knowledge gap, this study investigated the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the reaction of free chlorine with seven para-substituted phenols. Based on the chemical structures of the DBPs and the reaction mechanisms leading to their formation, the DBPs were categorized into four groups: chlorophenols, coupling products, substituent reaction products, and ring cleavage products. In contrast to previous studies that investigated the formation of early-stage chlorophenols, the primary focus of this study was on the elucidation of novel ring cleavage products, in particular α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, which, for the first time, were identified and quantified in this study. The molar yields of 2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), one of the identified α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, varied among the different phenolic compounds, reaching a maximum value of 10.4% for bisphenol S. Molar yields of 2-chloromaleic acid (Cl-MA), one of the identified C₄-dicarboxylic acids, reached a maximum value of 30.5% for 4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid under given conditions. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) was shown to be an important intermediate of the parent phenols and the C₄-ring cleavage products. Based on the temporal trends of α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, their formation is likely attributable to two separate ring cleavage pathways. Based on the obtained results, an overall transformation pathway for the reaction of para-substituted phenols with free chlorine leading to the formation of novel C₄ ring cleavage products was proposed.     

O3/UV降解含氮杂环化合物喹啉

本研究采用O3/UV工艺降解喹啉溶液,系统地探讨了喹啉初始浓度、反应后置时间、初始p H、HCO-3浓度等因素对降解过程的影响.通过测定降解过程中的中间产物,分析了喹啉的降解机制及途径.结果表明随着喹啉初始浓度增加,反应表观速率常数和去除率都降低;p H(7~9)碱性条件时降解效果最好;HCO-3的存在明显降低了喹啉的去除率,加入100 mg·L-1HCO-3喹啉去除率降低了42.01%;反应后置时间对喹啉的去除率及矿化率基本没有影响.喹啉的降解中间产物主要为8-羟基喹啉、5-羟基喹啉、2(1H)-喹啉酮、2-吡啶甲醛等,喹啉在O3/UV体系中的降解途径主要由羟基自由基(·OH)、O3氧化剂发生的加成反应、取代反应、亲电反应等.     

张家口市北新屯地区蔬菜种植区锗元素富集特征及成因分析

选取张家口市北新屯地区蔬菜种植基地为研究区,分为重点区和区域范围以及上游地区,共采集表层土壤样品132件,垂向土壤剖面16条,地表剖面3组,彩椒果实、紫甘蓝果实和玉米果实样品各4件,在分析土壤、岩石和作物样品的Sc、 Cr、 Mo、 Cd、 V、 Zn、 Sr、 Pb、 Co、 Ni、 Cu、 Ge和REE等元素基础上,通过所参照的锗富集标准,发现区域富锗率不高(19.7%),而重点区富锗率较高(52%).区域范围和重点区土壤中Ge与稀土元素呈现较为明显的空间分布一致性,进一步对比土壤与作物中Ge和稀土元素相关性特征发现,稀土含量排序为：紫甘蓝>彩椒>玉米,而Ge吸收强度排序为：玉米(微弱吸收)>紫甘蓝(极弱吸收)>彩椒(极弱吸收),作物对Ge和稀土元素的吸收并没有明显的协同性.通过对研究区土壤28种元素和指标的PMF和RDA分析表明,区域Ge的来源以天然地质背景因素为主(66.3%),人为活动影响因素(27%)和大气干湿沉降因素(6.7%)为辅,重点区Ge的来源以天然地质背景因素(33.8%)和人为活动影响因素(27.2%)为主,大气干湿沉降因素(18.5%)...     

公众个体如何参与环境治理？——路径选择及优化策略

公众个体是环境治理的重要主体之一,但缺乏参与路径与信息、参与形式单一等是公众参与程度偏低的重要原因。因此,研究公众参与路径与模式选择对丰富治理理论及提升公众参与效果具有重要意义。本文基于治理理论的三种研究观点及社会治理主体视角,将公众参与路径划分为政府维度的行政力量主导型、社会维度的第三部门力量主导型、基层自治力量主导型、传播和宣传力量主导型,以及自身力量主导型等五种路径;并从环境治理体系和参与路径网络中各主体的角色定位出发,进一步优化路径选择,提出线上及线下结合的赋权型参与策略,以期提高公众个体参与的主动性和有效性,促进治理理论的本土化发展。     

太湖不同水域沉积物甲烷释放潜力及其途径分析

为明确太湖不同湖区CH4释放特征与释放潜力差异,采用水-气界面甲烷排放通量测定和室内厌氧培养,结合沉积物理化因子对太湖沉积物CH4释放特征及其释放潜力差异进行研究.结果 表明,不同湖区水-气界面CH4排放通量存在显著差异;不同湖区、不同深度沉积物中CH4释放潜力也存在明显差异,且CH4释放潜力与含水率和总有机碳呈正相关...     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.