山地农业种植结构演变特征及其调控途径分析——以贵州省为例

为分析山地农业种植结构的演变特征及其主要驱动因子,制定种植结构的调控途径,采用C-PCA耦合模型(典型主成分分析)对贵州省1949~2013年种植结构演变的15个驱动因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)贵州省1949~2013年种植结构逐渐向市场导向型转变,经济作物比重上升,粮食作物比重下降,粮食作物和经济作物产量分别以7.24%和2.95%的速率增长;(2)通过C-PCA耦合模型的贡献率得出种植结构演变的主要驱动因子为总人口、城市化水平、仓储运输业比重、年均气温、年降水量和农业人口比重,其对应累计贡献率达86.04%;(3)调控山地农业种植结构,不仅需要发展山地高效复合型农业,提高种植系统抗灾能力,还需借助农产品生产、加工、销售云平台实现农业的可持续发展,从而为山地农业经济的发展提供重要支撑。     

典型场地四氯化碳污染的健康风险评价

以华北某污染场地为研究区域,采集了场地内大气、土壤、地表水和地下水4个类别共196个样品.分析了25项挥发性有机物在不同区域的分布特征,探讨了超标污染物的污染来源,最后,应用美国环保局的健康风险评价方法,对场地超标污染物进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,场地超标污染物仅为四氯化碳;主要赋存于地下水中,其污染晕的平面分布与地...     

膜生物反应器中污染物去除途径及膜过滤性能

采用一体式悬浮生长型和附着生长型膜生物反应器(MBR)处理微污染水源水,主要考察了两种MBR对污染物的去除途径和膜过滤性能。结果表明,两种MBR对主要污染物高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N均有良好的去处效果,去除率分别达到66%和94%以上。悬浮生长型MBR的去除效果稍强于附着MBR,因为前者的生物量要高于后者。两种MBR的生物去除和膜去除对去除效果都有重要贡献,而膜去除是获得良好的出水水质的保证。曝气量对两种MBR的污染物去除效果没有明显影响,一定范围内增大曝气量会提高生物去除的比例。悬浮生长型MBR的膜污染速率要比附着生长型快得多,但运行稳定后,两者的膜比通量大致相当。     

Transforming conservation science and practice for a postnormal world

We examine issues to consider when reframing conservation science and practice in the context of global change. New framings of the links between ecosystems and society are emerging that are changing peoples’ values and expectations of nature, resulting in plural perspectives on conservation. Reframing conservation for global change can thus be regarded as a stage in the evolving relationship between people and nature rather than some recent trend. New models of how conservation links with transformative adaptation include how decision contexts for conservation can be reframed and integrated with an adaptation pathways approach to create new options for global‐change‐ready conservation. New relationships for conservation science and governance include coproduction of knowledge that supports social learning. New processes for implementing adaptation for conservation outcomes include deliberate practices used to develop new strategies, shift world views, work with conflict, address power and intergenerational equity in decisions, and build consciousness and creativity that empower agents to act. We argue that reframing conservation for global change requires scientists and practitioners to implement approaches unconstrained by discipline and sectoral boundaries, geopolitical polarities, or technical problematization. We consider a stronger focus on inclusive creation of knowledge and the interaction of this knowledge with societal values and rules is likely to result in conservation science and practice that meets the challenges of a postnormal world.     

Bioavailability and metabolism of hexavalent chromium compounds †

Intratracheal instillation of ⁵¹CrCl₃ in anaesthetized rabbits resulted in partial absorption. In blood, the absorbed material was entirely confined to the plasma compartment. Only trace amounts were deposited in liver and kidney. By contrast, after similar application of Na, ⁵¹CrO₄ the bulk of blood radioactivity was present in red blood cells (RBC). Substantial deposition occurred in liver and kidneys. It is concluded that Cr(VI) may enter the body unreduced via the lung and is partially deposited in cells over a prolonged period of time.

Since chromium was accumulated in liver after administration of Cr(VI) we investigated the intracellular disposition of Cr(VI) in the isolated perfused liver. No significant sex differences in chromium distribution were observed. At the end of the experiments (1 h), 60% of the applied dose (312μg Cr/liver) was located in the cytosol, whilst 14% was in the mitochondria, 9% in the microsomal pellet and 2% was associated with the nuclei. Gel chromatography of the cytosolic compartment showed that the overwhelming part of chromium was eluted in fractions with an apparent molecular weight of 6,000 dalton. These fractions exhibited absorption maxima at 410nm and 548nm. It is concluded, that cytosolic reduction might be the main intracellular redox pathway for chromates. This view was confirmed by monitoring the reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH in vitro. GSH reduced Cr(VI) without further cofactors under formation of GSH‐chromium complexes, which possibly represent major intermediates in the metabolism of Cr(VI).     

负载多壁碳纳米管的多孔Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ni电极电催化氧化双酚A

为发展废水中双酚A（BPA）的处理技术和保护水环境安全,采用“电沉积-热分解”法制备负载多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）的多孔Ti/SnO₂-Sb-Ni电极,研究了电极对BPA的去除能力、动力学特征和矿化效率,初步分析了BPA的降解途径.结果表明,当浸渍液中n（Sn）∶n（Sb）∶n（Ni）为100∶10∶1、ρ（MWCNTs）为0.8g·L^-1时,制备的电极对BPA的去除效果最好;负载MWCNTs使得电极表面的晶体尺寸更小,可增大电极的比表面积,为电催化反应提供更多的活性位点,进而提高电极的电催化效率.当c（Na₂SO₄）为10mmol·L^-1、反应液初始pH为5和电流密度为50 mA·cm^-2时,对50 mg·L^-1的BPA降解60 min时去除效率达到99.76%;去除过程符合一级反应动力学方程,速率常数为0.096 min^-1;电解120 min时,TOC去除率达到67.01%.采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析法（...     

PFOS暴露对肺癌细胞中信号通路的影响

为探讨全氟辛烷磺酸盐（PFOS）产生肺毒性的分子机制,采用细胞计数试剂盒（CCK-8）方法测定不同浓度PFOS对A549细胞活性的影响,并用二代测序方法测定PFOS暴露对A549细胞中miRNAs表达的影响,预测异常表达miRNAs的靶基因.通过生物信息学分析推断靶基因参与的信号通路及潜在的生物学功能.结果显示,低浓度PFOS（<00μmol/L）促进A549细胞增殖,高浓度PFOS抑制细胞增殖.暴露于300μmol/L PFOS中24h的A549细胞中108个miRNAs表达量显著上调,63个miRNAs表达量显著下调.差异表达miRNAs通过Ras、Rap1、HIF-1、ErbB和VEGF等信号通路参与细胞增殖、代谢和发育等生物学过程.这表明PFOS可通过影响细胞增殖和诱发炎症反应对肺造成威胁.     

全氟和多氟烷基化合物微生物降解与转化研究进展

全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)因其持久性、长距离迁移性、生物积累性和生物毒性而受到广泛关注.目前世界上对环境中PFASs的监测和管控主要针对全氟烷基酸(PFAAs).而大部分多氟烷基化合物在环境中能够被微生物降解为PFAAs,也被称为前体物.因此,探究前体物在环境中的微生物转化行为有助于综合评价PFASs的环境风险,以及制定相关的管控和修复措施.虽然PFAAs一直被认为是环境中的“永久化合物”,但近年来,PFAAs的厌氧微生物还原脱氟作为一项极具潜力且充满挑战的修复技术,成为研究的一个前沿热点.系统总结了前体物(氟调化合物和全氟辛烷磺胺衍生物)、 PFAAs和新型PFASs在微生物作用下的降解规律和转化路径,并讨论了PFASs微生物降解的影响因素,最后提出未来的研究方向.     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过酸化系统微生态特征的宏基因组学分析

过酸化失稳是困扰有机废物厌氧消化（AD）过程高效稳定运行的一大难题.为探析不同诱导方式造成过酸化的AD系统微生态特征差异,在餐厨垃圾中温AD反应器中分别引入负荷扰动（R2）、温度及搅拌扰动（R3）以诱发系统过酸化,利用宏基因组学测序技术,对比考察稳定与酸化系统微生物群落结构及主要产甲烷功能路径差异.结果表明,两种方式均成功诱发系统过酸化失稳,过酸化系统中挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）过量富集（R2、R3系统中分别高达（12.53±1.96） g·L^-1和（8.00±0.81） g·L^-1）的同时,丙酸等多碳VFA组分比例大幅升高.R2、R3系统酸化后其产甲烷菌及相关酶受到高浓度VFA的显著抑制,酸积累程度更高的R2受抑制更为明显.且经相关性分析发现,多碳酸尤其是丙酸是抑制产甲烷作用的关键因素.与R2相比,R3具有更高的耗氢能力,耗氢微生物如可耗H₂产酸的Treponema属和氢营养型产甲烷菌Methanoculleus属、Methanospirillum属等相对丰度显著高于R2.酸化系统均以乙酸营养型产甲烷为主要的产甲烷途径,并以Methanosaeta属为主要的乙酸型产甲烷菌.酸化系统中更高含量的乙酸产甲烷途径的AK-PTA酶有利于促进对乙酸的利用,增强厌氧消化微生物菌群对高浓度乙酸的耐受 能力.本研究中的相关结果可为提高有机废物AD微生态抗酸化能力提供理论依据和数据支撑.     

Seasonal differences in sources and formation processes of PM2.5 nitrate in an urban environment of North China

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) has been the dominant ion of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) in PM_2.5 in North China. Tracking the formation mechanisms and sources of particulate nitrate are vital to mitigate air pollution. In this study, PM_2.5 samples in winter (January 2020) and in summer (June 2020) were collected in Jiaozuo, China, and water-soluble ions and (δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O)-NO₃⁻ were analyzed. The results showed that the increase of NO₃⁻ concentrations was the most remarkable with increasing PM_2.5 pollution level. δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻ values for winter samples (82.7‰ to 103.9‰) were close to calculated δ¹⁸O-HNO₃ (103‰ ± 0.8‰) values by N₂O₅ pathway, while δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻ values (67.8‰ to 85.7‰) for summer samples were close to calculated δ¹⁸O-HNO₃ values (61‰ ± 0.8‰) by OH oxidation pathway, suggesting that PM_2.5 nitrate is largely from N₂O₅ pathway in winter, while is largely from OH pathway in summer. Averaged fractional contributions of P_N2O5+H2O were 70% and 39% in winter and summer sampling periods, respectively, those of P_OH were 30% and 61%, respectively. Higher δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ values for winter samples (3.0‰ to 14.4‰) than those for summer samples (-3.7‰ to 8.6‰) might be due to more contributions from coal combustion in winter. Coal combustion (31% ± 9%, 25% ± 9% in winter and summer, respectively) and biomass burning (30% ± 12%, 36% ± 12% in winter and summer, respectively) were the main sources using Bayesian mixing model. These results provided clear evidence of particulate nitrate formation and sources under different PM_2.5 levels, and aided in reducing atmospheric nitrate in urban environments.