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排序方式: 共有106条查询结果,搜索用时 78 毫秒
91.
Ian B. Paton Christine S. Dayton David M. Jubenville Eugene R. Weiner Martha W. Hyder 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(2):359-369
ABSTRACT: Migration of plutonium, americium, and uranium (actinides) in the environment at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS) is the subject of ongoing studies to develop effective strategies for cleanup and regulatory closure of the Department of Energy facility. The Actinide Migration Evaluation pathway analysis quantified actinide transport processes to validate a qualitative conceptual model of environmental actinide transport. Major actinide transport mechanisms evaluated include surface water, ground water, airborne, and biological pathways. Relative quantities of actinide movement via different pathways were compared in terms of actinide loads delivered off the RFETS, using a combination of monitoring data, predictive transport models and results from historic RFETS studies. Results indicate air and surface water constitute the dominant transport mechanisms for plutonium and americium. In ground water, shallow alluvial flow is a limited pathway for plutonium and americium because of the low aqueous solubility of these actinides and their tendency to sorb to soil. However, localized flow in shallow alluvium is a more significant pathway for uranium movement, because of the relatively higher solubility of uranium (VI) species, though isotopic ratios indicate much of the uranium is from natural sources. Biological transport of actinides by mammals, birds, fish, and arthropods is small compared to the other pathways. 相似文献
92.
J. D. Bień J. ter Meer W. H. Rulkens H. H. M. Rijnaarts 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2005,9(4):221-226
A Health Index/Risk Evaluation Tool (HIRET) has been developed for the integration of risk assessment and spatial planning using GIS capabilities. The method is meant to assist decision makers and site owners in the evaluation of potential human health risk with respect to land use. Human health risk defined as the potential adverse effects on human life or health is generally accepted as the most important aspect for site assessment and planning of remediation strategies. It concerns polluted sites that endanger human health on one hand and derelict land that does not cause the immediate risk on the other hand. In current state-of-the-art risk-assessment, long-term spatial and temporal changes of risks, in relation to changes in contamination patterns and land use functions, are not taken into account. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the methodology developed for human health risk assessment in aspect of spatial and temporal domain. HIRET was developed as an extension for ESRI software ArcView 3.2 and allows performing dynamic human health risk assessment in long-term period, which is relevant for land use planning. The paper illustrates how such methodology can assist in environmental decision-making to enhance the efficiency of contaminated land management. A case study of contaminated site is given showing how data can be used within a GIS framework to produce maps indicating areas of potential human health risk. 相似文献
93.
利用涡度相关系统对南京地区冬小麦田和裸土期O3干沉降过程进行观测的基础上,引入Surfatm-O3干沉降模型,对其叶片气孔阻力(Rsleaf)、土壤阻力(Rsoil)和表面阻力(Rcut)的公式进行参数化修订和验证,开展了冬小麦主要生育期的总O3通量(FO3)、干沉降速率(Vd)及其不同沉降通道分配的模拟,并间接分析了土壤排放的NO与O3的化学反应对O3干沉降过程的影响.结果表明:冬小麦田FO3和Vd的实测值与模拟值趋势相似,平均实测和模拟Vd值分别为0.39和0.37cm/s,模拟值比实测值低估5.3%,其中每一个独立阻力公式的模拟效果均较好.平均非气孔沉降(表面沉降和土壤沉降)是O3干沉降主要的沉降通道,占总O3通量的68.8%,表面沉降占非气孔沉降的46.7%;平均绿叶和黄叶气孔沉降分别占总O3通量的28.6%和2.6%.白天非气孔沉降比例减小至占总O3通量的58.8%,绿叶和黄叶的气孔沉降比例比值增大,分别占总O3通量的37.7%和3.5%.夜晚表面沉降和土壤沉降分别占总O3通量的64.3%和35.7%.土壤排放的NO会与O3产生化学反应,对O3干沉降过程产生影响,需要在今后的O3干沉降模型中考虑. 相似文献
94.
Policymakers today are faced with a difficult task of planning for large scale infrastructure that can cater to the climatic and socio-economic changes that the future will bring. To address the deeply uncertain nature resulting from long-term changes, it is becoming necessary to develop strategies that support flexibility and react more strategically than traditional planning approaches. This paper applies the concept of adaptation tipping points and adaptation pathways to a case study in Singapore for the planning of long-term urban drainage infrastructure. Using conventional grey and sustainable green solutions in isolation and in combination, adaptation pathway maps are developed and compared across outlined climatic and landuse scenarios. To understand and justify if the imparted flexibility is worth its cost, economic assessments are performed. This is a valuable extension of the existing framework, helps to identify the preferred configuration of land use and sub-select adaptation actions that should be implemented at the current time frame. The main finding of this study is that the adaptation pathways map for the sustainable grey landuse scenario economically outperforms those of the other outlined land uses. This provides a valuable insight for policy makers, as it implies that if carefully planned development is undertaken, the requirements of storm water management can be met in a sustainable manner, while simultaneously freeing up land for other purposes. This is especially important in the context of highly dense urban areas such as Singapore, where land is a scare resource. 相似文献
95.
环境雌激素(Environmental Estrogens, EEs)种类繁多、来源多样且分布广泛,大量工业添加剂、食品添加剂和农药类物质已被证实具有雌激素活性。EEs对人体生殖、神经、免疫等系统生物毒性,已经引起了公众的普遍关注。近年来的研究表明,EEs不仅可以结合雌激素核受体(nuclear Estrogen Receptor, nER)干扰正常的雌激素基因组信号通路,还能活化雌激素膜受体(membrane Estrogen Receptor, mER)引发快速的雌激素非基因组信号转导途径。本文总结了EEs通过nER、mER介导的多种雌激素基因组和非基因组信号途径及其产生的生物学效应,综述了在其毒理学作用机理基础上发展的环境样品的雌激素活性评估和EEs混合物的联合作用研究,以期为该类污染物的筛查、风险评估和进一步的机制研究提供参考。 相似文献
96.
97.
98.
Ecological network and emergy analysis of urban metabolic systems: Model development,and a case study of four Chinese cities 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Analysis of the structure and function of urban metabolic systems is an important goal of urban research. We used network pathways and network utility analysis to analyze the basic network structure of the urban metabolic system and the complex ecological relationships within the system, providing a new way to perform such research. Using four Chinese cities as examples, we developed an ecological network model of the urban metabolic system. By using network pathway analysis, we studied the changing relationships between metabolic length and the number of metabolic pathways, and between metabolic length and reachability. Based on the distribution of the number of metabolic pathways, we describe the basic structure and intercompartment relationships of the system. By using the sign distribution in the network utility matrix, we determined the ecological relationships and degree of mutualism between the compartments of the system. The basic components of the system consisted of the internal environment, the external environment, and the agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors. With increasing metabolic length, the ecological relationships among the components of the system became more diverse, and the numbers of metabolic paths and their reachability improved. Although the basic network structure of the four cities was identical, the mutualism index differed. Beijing's mutualism index was superior to that of Shanghai, and much higher than those of Tianjin and Chongqing. By analyzing the structure and function of the urban metabolic system, we provide suggestions for optimizing the structure and adjusting the relationships, and propose methods for the application of ecological network analysis in future urban system research. 相似文献
99.
基于LEAP构建自下而上的中国民航业能源系统模型,设置冻结、现有政策、力度、替代和革命五组情景,深入分析民航业的驱动因子和发展趋势,探讨中国民航业中长期低碳发展的技术路径.结果显示,预计2060年左右人均乘机次数翻两番,突破2人次,冻结情景下2060年会带来高达6.9亿t的碳排放.力度情景下,民航业碳排放有望在2044年左右达峰,峰值水平控制在3亿t左右,40年累积减排近50%,仅需增加约1万亿人民币的成本.稳步推进机队更新换代,加快基础设施提升和运营操作改进,发展可持续航空燃料是民航业必须依赖的减排手段,分别能带来44.1%、29.5%和26.4%的减排量.因此,民航业要尽早制定行业"双碳"目标和实施路径计划,中短期统筹推进空域改革、空中交通管理和航司精细化管理,大力支持国产大飞机的发展,长期推动可持续航空燃料全产业链商业化和市场化. 相似文献
100.
Shuidi He Minjuan Huang Lianming Zheng Ming Chang Weihua Chen Qianqian Xie Xuemei Wang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(4):444-453
This study attempts to identify the dominant transport pathways, potential source areas, and their seasonal variation at sites with high inorganic nitrogen (IN) wet deposition flux in southern China. This is a long-term study (2010–2017) based on continuous deposition measurements at the Guangzhou urban site (GZ) and the Dinghushan Natural Reserve site (DHS) located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. A dataset on monthly IN concentration in precipitation and wet deposition flux were provided. The average annual fluxes measured at both sites (GZ: 33.04±9.52, DHS: 20.52±10.22 kg N/(ha∙year)) were higher, while the ratios of reduced to oxidized N (GZ: 1.19±0.77, DHS: 1.25±0.84) were lower compared with the national mean level and the previous reported level throughout the PRD region. The dominant pathways were not always consistent with the highest proportional trajectory clusters. The transport pathways contributing most of deposition were identified in the north and north-northeast in the dry season and in the east-southeast, east, and south-southwest in the wet season. A weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) value >0.3 was determined reasonably to define the potential source area. Emission within the PRD region contributed the majority (≥95% at both sites) of the IN deposition in the wet season, while the contribution outside the region increased significantly in the dry season (GZ: 27.86%, DHS: 95.26%). Our results could help create more effective policy to control precursor emissions for IN fluxes, enabling reduction of the ecological risks due to excessive nitrogen. 相似文献