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31.
32.
长江口没冒沙演变过程及其对水库工程的响应 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究南槽没冒沙演变规律,可以为筑库引淡蓄水工程建设提供科学依据。根据该海区近百年来各个时期的海图和20年来的实测水文泥沙等资料以及2003、2004年的现场观测数据,探讨了没冒沙的形成及形成后的演变过程。研究表明:没冒沙的形成和发育经历了局部边滩冲刷、边滩沙嘴发育和沙脊形成3个阶段;近半个世纪来,沙体中轴位置在稳定强劲的涨落潮流作用下呈现出西北—东南走向的良好的稳定性,具有潮流脊性质。而蓄淡水库工程建设将有可能使南槽成为适应进出水沙量的新型河槽。 相似文献
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34.
城市湿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在土壤抗侵蚀方面起重要作用.以哈尔滨松北区城市湿地为研究对象,在哈尔滨松北区湿地的西区、中区及东区沿线共布设采样点3个.哈尔滨松北区城市湿地土壤抗侵蚀效益价值通过湿地减少土地废弃、河道淤积和土壤中肥力流失三方面的价值来估算.结果表明:哈尔滨市松北区城市湿地保护土壤、减少土壤侵蚀的总效益价值为1.900×107元/a;湿地土壤在抗侵蚀效益中的贡献率占总效益的1/5,其效益价值为3.800×106元/a. 相似文献
35.
Determining a remeasurement frequency of variables over time is required in monitoring environmental systems. This article
demonstrates methods based on regression modeling and spatio-temporal variability to determine the time interval to remeasure
the ground and vegetation cover factor on permanent plots for monitoring a soil erosion system. The spatio-temporal variability
methods include use of historical data to predict semivariograms, modeling average temporal variability, and temporal interpolation
by two-step kriging. The results show that for the cover factor, the relative errors of the prediction increase with an increased
length of time interval between remeasurements when using the regression and semivariogram models. Given precision or accuracy
requirements, appropriate time intervals can be determined. However, the remeasurement frequency also varies depending on
the prediction interval time. As an alternative method, the range parameter of a semivariogram model can be used to quantify
average temporal variability that approximates the maximum time interval between remeasurements. This method is simpler than
regression and semivariogram modeling, but it requires a long-term dataset based on permanent plots. In addition, the temporal
interpolation by two-step kriging is also used to determine the time interval. This method is applicable when remeasurements
in time are not sufficient. If spatial and temporal remeasurements are sufficient, it can be expanded and applied to design
spatial and temporal sampling simultaneously. 相似文献
36.
37.
泥石流坝后侵蚀坑纵剖面形态及最大深度实验研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
泥石流拦砂坝坝后侵蚀坑形态和深度是泥石流冲刷基础研究的薄弱环节。通过室内水槽实验,探讨了泥石流坝后侵蚀坑的形态和不同实验控制条件下侵蚀坑深度的变化规律等。由实验观察可知,侵蚀坑纵剖面整体上呈现两端浅中间深的形态特征,其最深点的位置随水槽坡度增大向下游方向发展;侵蚀坑坑内上游坡度较下游坡度陡,对于具有相同级配的粘性砂和无粘性砂,无粘性砂的侵蚀坑坑内坡度较粘性砂的缓;侵蚀坑的最大深度受沟床纵坡、泥石流的容重、沟床组成物质的性质(特征粒径、粘性)等因素的影响较大;泥砂粘性的存在将大大削弱侵蚀的深度。 相似文献
38.
降雨过程中红壤团聚体粒径变化对溅蚀的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
为揭示团聚体粒径动态变化对溅蚀的影响,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,以第四纪粘土、泥质页岩发育红壤为研究对象,研究了酒精预湿润后的2~5 mm团聚体在降雨过程中粒径动态变化及溅蚀率的变化。试验结果表明:在60 mm/h雨强下,团聚体受雨滴机械打击破碎主要发生在降雨的最初阶段,团聚体>0.25 mm百分含量(P>0.25)及平均重量直径(M)均随降雨时间(T)增加呈幂函数减小,溅蚀率(Dr)随降雨时间(T)增加呈幂函数增加,而溅蚀率(Dr)随团聚体平均重量直径(M)减小呈幂函数增大。为揭示不同土样在降雨溅蚀过程中溅蚀率的变化规律,利用团聚体稳定性特征参数-机械破碎指数(R)及降雨时间(T),建立了不同团聚体稳定性土样溅蚀率随降雨时间变化的经验方程,且方程可决系数较高(R2=0.82),揭示出团聚体稳定性越好,其破碎过程越缓慢,溅蚀率越小。研究结果为红壤区土壤侵蚀的防治及侵蚀机理研究提供了新思路 相似文献
39.
Vera Ferreira André Samora-Arvela 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(7):1238-1256
Climate and land-use/cover changes (LUCC) influence soil erosion vulnerability in the semi-arid region of Alqueva, threatening the reservoir storage capacity and sustainability of the landscape. Considering the effect of these changes in the future, the purpose of this study was to investigate soil erosion scenarios using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. A multi-agent system combining Markov cellular automata with multi-criteria evaluation was used to investigate LUCC scenarios according to delineated regional strategies. Forecasting scenarios indicated that the intensive agricultural area as well as the sparse and xerophytic vegetation and rainfall-runoff erosivity would increase, consequently causing the soil erosion to rise from 1.78 Mg ha?1 to 3.65 Mg ha?1 by 2100. A backcasting scenario was investigated by considering the application of soil conservation practices that would decrease the soil erosion considerably to an average of 2.27 Mg ha?1. A decision support system can assist stakeholders in defining restrictive practices and developing conservation plans, contributing to control the reservoir's siltation. 相似文献
40.
Bison and cattle grazing management,bare ground coverage,and links to suspended sediment concentrations in grassland streams 下载免费PDF全文
Bartosz P. Grudzinski Melinda D. Daniels Kyle Anibas David Spencer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(1):16-30
This study quantified the impact of bison and cattle grazing management practices on bare ground coverage at the watershed, riparian, and forested riparian scales within the Flint Hills ecoregion in Kansas. We tested for correlations between bare ground coverage and fluvial suspended sediment concentrations during base‐flow and storm‐flow events. We used remotely sensed imagery combined with field surveys to classify ground cover and quantify the presence of bare ground. Base‐flow water samples were collected bi‐monthly during rain‐free periods and 24 h following precipitation events. Storm‐flow water samples were collected on the rising limb of the hydrograph, using single‐stage automatic samplers. Ungrazed treatments contained the lowest coverage of bare ground at the watershed, riparian, and forested riparian scales. Bison treatments contained the highest coverage of bare ground at the watershed scale, while high‐density cattle treatments contained the highest coverage of bare ground at the riparian and forested riparian scales. In bison and cattle‐grazed treatments, a majority of bare ground was located near fence lines, watershed boundaries, and third‐ and fourth‐order stream segments. Inorganic sediment concentrations at base flow were best predicted by riparian bare ground coverage, while storm‐flow sediment concentrations were best predicted by watershed scale bare ground coverage. 相似文献