三江源植被保持土壤能力的时空变化

为深入了解三江源区植被保持土壤的能力,以RS和GIS为技术支撑,在对三江源区植被覆盖度动态变化特征分析的基础上,利用SL190—2007《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》推荐的中国土壤侵蚀模型CSLE(Chinese soil loss equation)估算了2000—2010年三江源区植被的土壤保持能力,并分析其时空动态变化特征. 结果表明:①2000—2010年三江源区年均植被覆盖度为43%~50%;植被平均土壤保持量为849~955 t/km2,并且空间差异很大,总体上呈自西北向东南增加的空间分布格局. ②2000—2010年植被的土壤保持能力呈逐渐增加趋势,其中2000—2005年各流域的土壤保持能力平均增加了约29 t/km2,并以大夏河与洮河流域土壤保持能力的增幅(约700 t/km2)最大,其次为玛曲至龙羊峡(约300 t/km2),羌塘高原区植被的土壤保持能力增幅(仅2.08 t/km2)最小;2005—2010年各流域的土壤保持能力呈现轻微增长,平均增加了约9 t/km2,其中增幅较大的是柴达木盆地东和直门达至石鼓流域(约16 t/km2),增幅最小的是羌塘高原区(仅3.90 t/km2). ③三江源植被土壤保持能力随植被覆盖度的增加呈非线性增长,可通过指数或幂函数形式表达. 研究显示,增加植被覆盖度有助于提高三江源区的土壤保持能力、控制区域土壤侵蚀.      

东北松嫩典型黑土区长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀沿坡长变化规律及其对土壤质量的影响

东北黑土区,尤其是农垦地区,是我国重要的粮食生产基地。土壤侵蚀导致耕地质量严重退化,威胁粮食安全。选取克山农场坡长为1020 m的直型坡、凹型坡和凹—直复合型坡耕地,利用¹³⁷Cs示踪技术估算坡面土壤侵蚀模数,测定土壤有机碳作为耕地土壤质量参数,揭示典型黑土区长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度沿坡长变化规律及耕地土壤质量参数的响应。结果表明：（1）不同坡形长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀差异显著,直型坡多年平均侵蚀速率（3040 t·km^-2·a^-1）<复合型坡（3395 t·km^-2·a^-1）<凹型坡（4220 t·km^-2·a^-1）。（2）直型坡、凹型坡、凹—直复合型坡均呈现出侵蚀强—弱周期性变化规律,其振荡周期分别为380 m、250 m和300 m。（3）土壤有机碳含量与土壤侵蚀速率呈极显著负相关关系,其沿坡长变化规律与土壤侵蚀速率沿坡长变化规律相反。土壤侵蚀是造成黑土坡耕地土壤质量退化的直接原因,研究结果可为黑土长缓坡耕地水土保持措施的精准布设及土壤养分管理提供理论支持。     

基于Matlab的超声空化场测量与可视化分析

为探究超声空化机理、明确超声条件对空化效应的影响,采用铝箔腐蚀法,测量了不同条件下槽式与探头式超声装置中空化场分布,在Matlab平台实现了超声空化场的二维可视化,并通过超声基础试验进行分析验证,.结果表明:槽式超声场分布不均匀,随着超声频率的增加,铝箔腐蚀面积减小,空化效应减弱;空化效应在波腹处最明显,高效区面积最大.探头式超声空化场的高效区主要分布在探头轴线附近,随着铝箔与探头距离的增加,空化效应逐渐减弱,低效区面积增加;空化效应随超声波声能密度的增加而增强,声能密度5W/mL时,腐蚀面积可达80%以上.相同条件下,槽式超声波反应器中超声空化效应较强.超声波声能密度越大,处理后的污泥上清液SCOD越高,破解效果好;随着超声频率的增加,污泥破解程度下降,空化效应减弱.     

Agriculture sustainability in a sensitive environment--a case analysis of Loess Plateau in China

Loess Plateau, an arid and semi-arid region in Northwest China, is well-known for its most serious soil erosion in terms of sediment yield each year. Soil erosion, which is intensified by agricultural activities, is the major factor influencing sustainable agriculture development in this region. It reduces productivity by removing nutrients and especially reducing water availability that is essential for crop production in the area. It also brings about off-site costs by demanding more efforts for maintenance of banks and dams along Yellow River through raising the riverbed with sediment. Climate is capricious and extreme weather conditions occur frequently, which impairs normal agricultural production with erosion and also decrease of water availability. Extensive way of farming still dominates on the Loess Plateau, which cannot produce satisfying economic results and needs to be improved or altered. Conventional agricultural production pattern needs to be reconsidered for husbandry has not been granted its due position. Agriculture is the backbone of economy. Poor agricultural production impedes economic development and vice versa, backward economy also influences the advancement of agriculture. Besides a large population, education status of farmers is another threshold that requires being resolved for a sustainable agriculture.Although conventional agriculture has been practiced there for more than 5000 years, now it cannot meet the demand for food and fiber by the increasing population and some of its farming practices are contributing to environmental degradation directly or indirectly and can sustain no longer. Agriculture on Loess Plateau needs to find its own way of sustainability. To work toward a sustainable agriculture, chances and challenges both indwell on Loess Plateau.     

青藏高原东部边缘泥炭腐殖化度作为评价有机质含量的指标研究

通过青藏高原东部边缘四川布拖、四川红原、青海拉鸡山以及青海峨博四处泥炭剖面的腐殖化度和有机质指标研究,发现两指标在四个剖面上具有基本一致的变化趋势,相关性较高。表明全新世暖湿季风气候模式下,青藏高原东部边缘泥炭腐殖化度能够较好地反映有机质含量的多寡,可作为有机质含量变化的替代性指标。由于腐殖化度测定利用样品的碱提取液进行,消耗固体样品较少,因此在取样量少的情况下(如泥炭钻探),用腐殖化度指标研究泥炭有机质含量多寡具有推广意义。     

焊肉位置对连续管冲蚀磨损规律研究

针对连续管在压裂作业时连续管内壁易受冲蚀磨损甚至导致失效的问题,基于液固两相流和冲蚀理论,利用FLUENT软件对比研究了带焊肉的直连续管、360°弯曲连续管、正弦弯曲连续管等连续管的内壁冲蚀磨损以及焊肉位置对360°弯曲连续管的冲蚀磨损规律。研究表明:360°弯曲连续管的最大冲蚀速率较直连续管增加了近22倍,正弦弯曲连续管的最大冲蚀速率较直连续管增加了近264倍;在360°弯曲连续管中,焊肉分布在外侧时连续管所受的最大冲蚀速率较无焊肉增加了约57%,焊肉在连续管内的扭转角度由90°增加到360°时,连续管最大冲蚀速率增加了约277%,建议控制焊肉位置以及焊肉扭转程度以减小冲蚀磨损。     

Modeling of Sediment Yield From Anjeni-Gauged Watershed,Ethiopia Using SWAT Model1

Setegn, Shimelis G., Bijan Dargahi, Ragahavan Srinivasan, and Assefa M. Melesse, 2010. Modeling of Sediment Yield From Anjeni-Gauged Watershed, Ethiopia Using SWAT Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):514-526. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00431.x Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was tested for prediction of sediment yield in Anjeni-gauged watershed, Ethiopia. Soil erosion and land degradation is a major problem on the Ethiopian highlands. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance and applicability of SWAT model in predicting monthly sediment yield and assess the impacts of subbasin delineation and slope discretization on the prediction of sediment yield. Ten years monthly meteorological, flow and sediment data were used for model calibration and validation. The annual average measured sediment yield was 24.6 tonnes/ha. The annual average simulated sediment yield was 27.8 and 29.5 tones/ha for calibration and validation periods, respectively. The study found that the observed values showed good agreement with the simulated sediment yield with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.81, percent bias (PBIAS) = 28%, RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) = 0.23, and coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.86 for calibration and NSE = 0.79, PBIAS = 30%, RSR = 0.29, and R² = 0.84 for validation periods. The model can be used for further analysis of different management scenarios that could help different stakeholders to plan and implement appropriate soil and water conservation strategies.     

新街-恩格阿娄铁路工程建设的水土流失量预测

拟建的新街-恩格阿娄铁路穿过水土流失强度大的鄂尔多斯剥蚀丘陵区和毛乌素沙漠区,铁路建设的施工过程会增大沿线的水土流失量。本研究采用模式预测法对施工期内不同的施工单元和地类的水土流失量进行了估算。结果表明,工程建设区域内原地貌背景水土流失量为3.79×10^4t,在施工期间如果不采取任何防护措施,工程建设可能造成的水土流失量为7.47×10^4t,可能造成的新增水土流失量为3.69×10^4t,主体工程新增的水土流失量最大,达到2.4×10^4t,占可能新增的水土流失总量的65%左右,取土场次之,占28%左右,施工场地及营地新增的水土流失量最小,不到新增水土流失总量的1%。在水土流失防治上,重点防治区段是主体工程区、取土场和临时堆土区,本文对不同的施工单元提出了包括工程措施、植物措施和临时防护措施在内的水土流失防治对策。     

土壤侵蚀径流水动力学特性及其影响因素的研究进展

坡面径流是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素之一,研究坡面径流水动力学特性的变化规律及其影响因素对于深入认识土壤侵蚀机制具有重要意义。本文跟踪和报道了国内外土壤侵蚀径流水动力学特性指标的测算方法及其影响因素等方面的最新研究进展,在深入分析当前研究的不足的基础上,指出了今后开展土壤侵蚀水动力学研究的方向和重点领域。     

岩溶区土壤允许流失量与土地石漠化的关系

为了解岩溶区土壤允许流失量(T值)与土地石漠化的关系,根据岩溶土壤圈系统论,采用实地调查与GIS空间分析技术,结合贵州碳酸盐岩岩石组合类型测算了T值,并探讨了其对石漠化的影响。结果发现:①岩溶区的T值可分为三大类,在极纯、较纯和不纯的碳酸盐岩地区,T值分别为20、100和250 t·km^-2·a^-1,在无土可流、完全是石山的地区,T值只有几吨或更低;②在T=20、100和250 t·km^-2·a的地区,石漠化发生率分别为29.86%、28.12%和23.25%,石漠化严重度分别为73.55%、60.57%和52.19%。因此,岩溶区的T值总体偏小,且具有多样性和异质性的空间分布特点;在相同社会背景下或不考虑人类活动的干扰差异,T值对石漠化的发生率和严重度有明显影响,T值越低,阈值越小,抗干扰能力越弱,石漠化的发生率越高,程度也越严重。